Microbial B-glucuronidase genes, gene production and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Genes encoding microbial β-glucuronidase and protein that is secreted and its uses are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/058,263, filed Sep. 9, 1997, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates generally to forms of microbial β-glucuronidase that are directed to specific cell compartments, and more specifically to a secreted form of β-glucuronidase and uses of these β-glucuronidases thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The natural habitat of E. coli is the gut, and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity of E. coli plays a specific and very important role in its natural history. The gut is a rich source of glucuronic acid compounds, providing a carbon source that can be efficiently exploited by E. coli. Glucuronide substrates are taken up by E. coli via a specific transporter, the glucuronide permease (U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,463 and 5,432,081), and cleaved by β-glucuronidase. The glucuronic acid residue thus released is used as a carbon source. In general, the aglycon component of the glucuronide substrate is not used by E. coli and passes back across the bacterial membrane into the gut to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream and undergo glucuronidation in the liver, which begins the cycle again.

[0004] In E. coli, β-glucuronidase is encoded by the gusA gene (Novel and Novel, Mol. Gen. Genet. 120:319-335, 1973), which is one member of an operon comprising three protein-encoding genes. The second gene, gusB, encodes a specific permease (PER) for β-glucuronides. The third gene, gusC, encodes an outer membrane protein (MOP) of approximately 50 kDa that facilitates access of glucuronides to the permease located in the inner membrane. The principle repressor for the GUS operon, gusR, maps immediately upstream of the operon.

[0005] β-glucuronidase activity is expressed in almost all tissues of all vertebrates and many mollusks (Levvy and Conchie, 1966). In addition, the free-living soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has an endogenous β-glucuronidase activity (Sebastiani et al, 1987; Jefferson et al, 1987), which occurs at low levels in the intestine of the worm. The enzyme has been purified from many mammalian sources (e.g. Tomino et al, 1975) and forms a homotetrameric structure with a subunit molecular weight of approximately 70 kDa.

[0006] The vertebrate enzyme is synthesized with a signal sequence at the amino terminus, then transported to and glycosylated within the endoplasmic reticulum, and ultimately localized intracellularly within vacuoles. If any of the mammalian enzyme is secreted, it probably contributes little to the total activity as the enzyme is relatively unstable. Thus, for use in medical diagnostics (e.g., drug testing) and transgenic constructions, the E. coli enzyme is preferred because it is much more active and stable than the mammalian enzyme against most biosynthetically derived β-glucuronides (Tomasic and Keglevic, 1973; Levvy and Conchie, 1966).

[0007] Production of GUS for use in in vitro assays, such as medical diagnostics, is costly and requires extensive manipulation as GUS must be recovered from cell lysates. A secreted form of GUS would reduce manufacturing expenses, however, attempts to cause secretion have been unsuccessful. In addition, for use in transgenics, the current GUS system has somewhat limited utility because enzymatic activity is detected intracellularly by deposition of toxic colorimetric products during the staining or detection of GUS. Moreover, in cells that do not express a glucuronide permease, the cells must be permeabilized or sectioned for introduction of the substrate. Thus, this conventional staining procedure generally results in the destruction of the stained cells. In light of this limitation, a secreted GUS would allow for development of non-destructive marker system, especially useful for agricultural field work.

[0008] The present invention provides gene and protein sequences of secreted β-glucuronide, variants thereof, and use of the protein as a transformation marker, while providing other related advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] In one aspect, an isolated nucleic acid molecule is provided comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of β-glucuronidase, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises the amino acid sequence as presented in FIG. 3 or hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of the sequence comprising nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase. In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 or encodes the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3, or a variant thereof.

[0010] In another aspect, the invention provides an isolated secreted form of β-glucuronidase, wherein β-glucuronidase is encoded by the isolated nucleic acid molecule or by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated secreted form of β-glucuronidase comprises the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3, or a variant thereof.

[0011] The invention also provides vectors and host cells, comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a secreted form of β-glucuronidase, wherein the β-glucuronidase sequence is in operative linkage with a promoter element. In preferred embodiments, the promoter element is a promoter derived from a plant pathogen. Preferred host cells are selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell, an animal cell and a bacterial cell.

[0012] The invention also provides a method of producing a secreted form of β-glucuronidase, comprising: (a) introducing a vector according to any one of claims 6-13 into a host cell, wherein the vector comprises nucleic acid sequence encoding the β-glucuronidase in an expressible form; and (b) growing the host cell under conditions wherein the β-glucuronidase is expressed. The method may further comprise isolating the β-glucuronidase from cell supernatant or periplasm.

[0013] In other aspects, the invention provides methods of introducing a controller element into a host cell, monitoring expression of a gene of interest or a portion thereof in a host cell, monitoring activity of a controller element in a host cell, transforming a host cell with a gene of interest or portion thereof, and positive selection for a transformed cell.

[0014] In other aspects, transgenic cells are provided, such as plant cells, insect cells, and transgenic plants and insects.

[0015] In other aspects, kits comprising microbial GUS are provided.

[0016] These and other aspects of the present invention will become evident upon reference to the following detailed description and attached drawings. In addition, various references are set forth below which describe in more detail certain procedures or compositions (e.g., plasmids, etc.), and are therefore incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017]FIG. 1A & 1B is DNA sequence of an approximately 6 kb fragment that encodes β-glucuronidase from Bacillus.

[0018]FIG. 2 is a schematic of the DNA sequence of a Bacillus 6 kb fragment showing the location and orientation of the major open reading frames. S-GUS is β-glucuronidase.

[0019]FIG. 3 is an amino acid sequence of Bacillus GUS.

[0020]FIG. 4A-4C is a DNA sequence of Bacillus GUS with the predicted amino acid translation.

[0021]FIG. 5 presents amino acid alignments of Bacillus, GUS (BGUS) E. coli GUS (EGUS) and human GUS (HGUS).

[0022]FIG. 6 is a graph showing that Bacillus GUS is secreted in E. coli transformed with an expression vector encoding Bacillus GUS. The secretion index is the percent of total activity in periplasm less the percent of total β-galactosidase activity in periplasm.

[0023]FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the half-life of Bacillus GUS and E. coli GUS at 65° C.

[0024]FIG. 8 is a graph showing the turnover number of Bacillus GUS and E. coli GUS enzymes at 37° C.

[0025]FIG. 9 is a graph showing the turnover number of Bacillus GUS and E. coli GUS enzymes at room temperature.

[0026]FIG. 10 is a graph presenting relative enzyme activity of Bacillus GUS in various detergents.

[0027]FIG. 11 is a graph presenting relative enzyme activity of Bacillus GUS in the presence of glucuronic acid.

[0028]FIG. 12 is a graph presenting relative enzyme activity of Bacillus GUS in various organic solvents and in salt.

[0029]FIG. 13A-13E is a DNA sequence of Bacillus GUS that is codon optimized for production in E. coli.

[0030]FIG. 14 is a schematic of the DNA sequence of Bacillus GUS that is codon optimized for production in E. coli.

[0031]FIG. 15 is a map of the expression vector pLAD-F48 containing Bacillus GUS, showing key features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0032] Prior to setting forth the invention, it may be helpful to an understanding thereof to set forth definitions of certain terms that will be used hereinafter.

[0033] As used herein, “β-lucuronidase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-glucuronides. For assays to detect β-glucuronidase activity, fluorogenic or chromogenic substrates are preferred. Such substrates include, but are not limited to, p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide and 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucuronide. Assays and some exemplary substrates for determining β-glucuronidase activity, also known as GUS activity, are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,463.

[0034] As used herein, a “secreted form of a microbial β-glucuronidase” refers to a microbial β-glucuronidase that is capable of being localized to an extracellular environment of a cell, including extracellular fluids, periplasm, or membrane bound on the external face of a cell but not bound as an integral membrane protein. Some of the protein may be found intracellularly. Thus, secreted microbial GUS encompasses GUS proteins that are secreted in E. coli statistically significantly more than EcGUS (E. coli GUS). The amino acid and nucleotide sequences of an exemplary secreted β-glucuronidase are presented in FIG. 1 and SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2. Secreted microbial GUS also encompasses variants of β-glucuronidase. A variant may be a portion of the secreted β-glucuronidase and/or have amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions, either found naturally as a polymorphic allele or constructed.

[0035] As used herein, “percent sequence identity” is a percentage determined by the number of exact matches of amino acids or nucleotides to a reference sequence divided by the number of residues in the region of overlap. Within the context of this invention, preferred amino acid sequence identity for a variant is at least 75% and preferably greater than 80%, 85%, 90% or 95%. A nucleotide variant will typically be sufficiently similar in sequence to hybridize to the reference sequence under stringent hybridization conditions (for nucleic acid molecules over about 500 bp, conditions include a solution comprising about 1 M Na+ at 25° to 30° C. below the Tm; e.g., 5×SSPE, 0.5% SDS, at 65° C.; see, Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing, 1995; Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1989). Some variants may not hybridize to the reference sequence because of codon degeneracy, such as introduced for codon optimization in a particular host, in which case amino acid identity may be used to assess similarity of the variant to the reference protein.

[0036] As used herein, a “glucuronide” or “β-glucuronide” refers to an aglycon conjugated in a hemiacetal linkage, typically through the hydroxyl group, to the C1 of a free D-glucuronic acid in the β configuration. β-glucuronides consist of virtually any compound linked to the 1-position of glucuronic acid as a beta anomer, and are typically, though by no means exclusively, found as the —-glycoside. β-glucuronides are produced naturally in most vertebrates through the action of UDP-glucuronyl transferase as a part of the process of solubilizing, detoxifying, and mobilizing both natural and xenobiotic compounds, thus directing them to sites of excretion or activity through the circulatory system.

[0037] β-glucuronides in polysaccharide form are also common in nature, most abundantly in vertebrates, where they are major constituents of connective and lubricating tissues in polymeric form with other sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine (e.g., chondroitan sulfate of cartilage, and hyaluronic acid, which is the principle constituent of synovial fluid and mucus). β-glucuronides are relatively uncommon or absent in plants. Glucuronides and galacturonides found in plant cell wall components (such as pectin) are generally in the alpha configuration, and are frequently substituted as the 4-0-methyl ether; hence, such glucuronides are not substrates for β-glucuronidase.

[0038] An “isolated nucleic acid molecule” refers to a polynucleotide molecule in the form of a separate fragment or as a component of a larger nucleic acid construct, that has been separated from its source cell (including the chromosome it normally resides in) at least once in a substantially pure form. Nucleic acid molecules may be comprised of a wide variety of nucleotides, including DNA, RNA, nucleotide analogues, or some combination of these.

Microbial Glucuronidase Genes and Gene Products

[0039] As noted above, this invention provides gene sequences and gene products for secreted forms of microbial β-glucuronidase. Such β-glucuronidase genes may be isolated by a variety of methods, - including genetic, biochemical, or immunological procedures. As exemplified herein, a gene from a Bacillus encoding a secreted β-glucuronidase was identified biochemically and by DNA sequence analysis. Secreted microbial β-glucuronidases from other organisms may be identified biochemically as described herein or by hybridization of the Bacillus β-glucuronidase gene sequence with genomic or cDNA libraries, by genetic complementation, by function, or by antibody screening of an expression library (see Sambrook et al., infra Ausubel et al, infra for methods and conditions appropriate for isolation of a β-glucuronidase from other species). Merely as an example, the isolation of Bacillus β-glucuronidase gene and gene products are provided herein.

[0040] The existence of a secreted form of β-glucuronidase may be observed by biochemical screening of samples containing microbes, such as those isolated from soil, animal or human skin, saliva, mucous, or feces, water, and the like. Colonies are plated, and a glucuronide substrate is added that is readily detectable when cleaved by β-glucuronidase. A microbe that secretes β-glucuronidase will exhibit a diffuse staining pattern surrounding the colony. A complementation assay may be performed to verify that the staining pattern is due to a secreted GUS. In this assay, the candidate secreted GUS gene is transfected into an E. coli strain that is deleted for the GUS operon (e.g., KW1 described herein), and the staining pattern of the transfectant is compared to a mock-transfected host. The transfectant should exhibit a diffuse staining pattern surrounding the colony, whereas, the host will not.

[0041] In an exemplary screen, a bacterial colony isolated from a soil sample displayed a strong, diffuse staining pattern. The bacterium was identified as a Bacillus by sequence determination of 16S rRNA after amplification. A genomic library from this Bacillus was constructed in the vector pBSII KS+. The recombinant plasmids were transfected into KW1, a strain deleted for the β-glucuronidase operon. One resulting colony, pRAJal 7.1, exhibited a strong, diffuse staining pattern similar to the Bacillus.

[0042] The DNA sequence of the insert of pRAJal7.1 is presented in FIG. 1 and as SEQ ID No: ______ . A schematic of the insert is presented in FIG. 2. The β-glucuronidase gene contained in the insert was identified by similarity of the predicted amino acid sequence of an open reading frame (FIG. 3; SEQ ID No: ______) to the E. coli and human β-glucuronidase amino acid sequences (FIG. 4). Overall, Bacillus β-glucuronidase has approximately 47-49% amino acid identity to E. coli GUS and to human GUS. An open reading frame of Bacillus GUS is 1854 bases, which would result in a protein that is 618 amino acids in length. The first methionine codon, however, is unlikely to encode the initiator methionine. Rather the second methionine codon, at codon 16, is most likely the initiator methionine. Such a translated product is 602 amino acids long and is the sequence presented in FIGS. 2 and 3. The assignment of the initiator methionine is based upon a consensus Shine-Dalgarno sequence found upstream of the second Met, but not the first Met, and alignment of the Bacillus, human and E. coli GUS amino acid sequences. Furthermore, as shown herein, Bacillus GUS gene lacking sequence encoding the 16 amino acids is expressed in E. coli transfectants. In addition, the 16 amino acids (Met-Leu-Ile-Ile-Thr-Cys-Asn-His-Leu-His-Leu-Lys-Arg-Ser-Ala-Ile) do not exhibit a consensus signal peptide sequence.

[0043] There is a single Asn-Asn-Ser sequence (residues 128-130 in FIG. 3) that can serve as a site for N-linked carbohydrates. Furthermore, unlike the E. coli and human β-glucuronidases, which have 9 and 4 cysteines respectively, the Bacillus protein has only a single Cys residue (residue 499 in FIG. 3).

[0044] The Bacillus β-glucuronidase is secreted in E. coli when introduced in an expression plasmid as evidenced by approximately half of the enzyme activity being detected in the periplasm. In contrast, less than 10% of E. coli β-glucuronidase is found in periplasm. Secreted microbial GUS is also more stable than E. coli GUS (FIG. 7), has a higher turnover number at both 37° C. and room temperature (FIGS. 8 and 9), and unlike E. coli GUS, it is not substantially inhibited by detergents (FIG. 10) or by glucuronic acid (FIG. 11) and retains activity in high salt conditions and organic solvents (FIG. 12).

[0045] In certain aspects, variants of secreted microbial GUS are useful within the context of this invention. Variants include nucleotide or amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, and chimeras. Typically, when the result of synthesis, amino acid substitutions are conservative, i.e., substitution of amino acids within groups of polar, non-polar, aromatic, charged, etc. amino acids. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a nucleotide sequence encoding microbial GUS may differ from the wild-type sequence presented in the Figures; due to codon degeneracies, nucleotide polymorphisms, or amino acid differences. In certain embodiments, variants preferably hybridize to the wild-type nucleotide sequence at conditions of normal stringency, which is approximately 25-30° C. below Tm of the native duplex (e.g., 1 M Na+ at 65° C.; e.g. 5×SSPE, 0.5% SDS, 5× Denhardt's solution, at 65° C. or equivalent conditions; see generally, Sambrook et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1987; Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing, 1987). Alternatively, the Tm for other than short oligonucleotides can be calculated by the formula

Tm=81.5+0.41%(G+C)−log(Na+).

[0046] Low stringency hybridizations are performed at conditions approximately 40° C. below Tm, and high stringency hybridizations are performed at conditions approximately 10° C. below Tm.

[0047] Variants may be constructed by any of the well known methods in the art (see, generally, Ausubel et al., supra; Sambrook et al., supra). Such methods include site-directed oligonucleotide mutagenesis, restriction enzyme digestion and removal or insertion of bases, amplification using primers containing mismatches or additional nucleotides, splicing of another gene sequence to the reference microbial GUS gene, and the like. Briefly, preferred methods for generating a few nucleotide substitutions utilize an oligonucleotide that spans the base or bases to be mutated and contains the mutated base or bases. The oligonucleotide is hybridized to complementary single stranded nucleic acid and second strand synthesis is primed from the oligonucleotide. Similarly, deletions and/or insertions may be constructed by any of a variety of known methods. For example, the gene can be digested with restriction enzymes and religated such that some sequence is deleted or ligated with an isolated fragment having cohesive ends so that an insertion or large substitution is made. In another embodiment, variants are generated by shuffling of regions (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,793). Variant sequences may also be generated by “molecular evolution” techniques (see U. S. Pat. No. 5,723,323). Other means to generate variant sequences may be found, for example, in Sambrook et al. (supra) and Ausubel et al. (supra). Verification of variant sequences is typically accomplished by restriction enzyme mapping, sequence analysis, or probe hybridization, although other methods may be used. The double-stranded nucleic acid is transformed into host cells, typically E. coli, but alternatively, other prokaryotes, yeast, or larger eukaryotes may be used. Standard screening protocols, such as nucleic acid hybridization, amplification, and DNA sequence analysis, will identify mutant sequences.

[0048] In addition to directed mutagenesis in which one or a few amino acids are altered, variants that have multiple substitutions may be generated. The substitutions may be scattered throughout the protein or functional domain or concentrated in a small region. For example, a region may be mutagenized by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis in which the oligonucleotide contains a string of dN bases or the region is excised and replaced by a string of dN bases. Thus, a population of variants with a randomized amino acid sequence in a region is generated. The variant with the desired properties (e.g., more efficient secretion) is then selected from the population.

[0049] As shown herein, multiple mutations at residues Val 128, Leu 141, Tyr 204 and Thr 560 (FIG. 3) result in a non-functional enzyme. Thus, at least one of these amino acids is critical to maintaining enzyme activity. A mutein Bacillus GUS containing the amino acid alterations of Val 128→Ala, Leu 141→His, Tyr 204→Asp and Thr 560→Ala was constructed and exhibited little enzymatic activity. As shown herein, the residue alteration that most directly affected activity is Leu 141. In addition, three residues have been identified as likely contact residues important for catalysis in human GUS (residues Glu 451, Glu 540, and Tyr 504) (Jain et al., Nature Struct. Biol. 3: 375, 1996). Based on alignment with Bacillus GUS, the corresponding residues are Glu 415, Glu 508, and Tyr 471. By analogy with human GUS, Asp 165 may also be close to the reaction center and likely forms a salt bridge with Arg 566. Thus, in embodiments where it is desirable to retain enzymatic activity of GUS, the residues corresponding Leu 141, Glu 415, Glu 508, Tyr 471, Asp 165, and Arg 566 in Bacillus GUS are preferably unaltered.

[0050] In preferred embodiments, the protein and variants are capable of being secreted and exhibit β-glucuronidase activity. In other preferred embodiments, one or more of the biochemical characteristics exhibited by Bacillus GUS, such as its increased stability, its higher turnover number, and its activity in detergents, presence of end product, high salt conditions and organic solvents as compared to EcGUS, are retained in GUS and variants thereof. In other preferred embodiments, GUS and variants thereof are capable of being secreted and exhibit one or more of the biochemical characteristics disclosed herein. In other embodiments, variants of microbial GUS are capable of binding to a hapten, such as biotin, dinitrophenol, and the like.

[0051] In other embodiments, variants may exhibit glucuronide binding activity without enzymatic activity or be directed to other cellular compartments, such as membrane or cytoplasm. Membrane-spanning amino acid sequences are generally hydrophobic and many examples of such sequences are well-known. These sequences may be spliced onto microbial secreted GUS by a variety of methods including conventional recombinant DNA techniques. Similarly, sequences that direct proteins to cytoplasm (e.g., Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) may be added to the reference GUS, typically by recombinant DNA techniques.

[0052] In other embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encoding microbial GUS may be fused to another nucleic acid molecule. As will be appreciated, the fusion partner gene may contribute, within certain embodiments, a coding region. In a preferred embodiment, microbial GUS is fused to avidin or streptavidin. Thus, it may be desirable to use only the catalytic site of GUS (e.g., amino acids 415-508). The choice of the fusion partner depends in part upon the desired application. The fusion partner may be used to alter specificity of GUS, provide a reporter function, provide a tag sequence for identification or purification protocols, and the like. The reporter or tag can be any protein that allows convenient and sensitive measurement or facilitates isolation of the gene product and does not interfere with the function of GUS. For example, green fluorescent protein and β-galactosidase are readily available as DNA sequences. A peptide tag is a short sequence, usually derived from a native protein, which is recognized by an antibody or other molecule. Peptide tags include FLAG®, Glu-Glu tag (Chiron Corp., Emeryville, Calif.) KT3 tag (Chiron Corp.), T7 gene 10 tag (Invitrogen, La Jolla, Calif.), T7 major capsid protein tag (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), His₆ (hexa-His), and HSV tag (Novagen). Besides tags, other types of proteins or peptides, such as glutathione-S-transferase may be used.

[0053] In addition, portions or fragments of microbial GUS may be isolated or constructed for use in the present invention. For example, restriction fragments can be isolated by well-known techniques from template DNA, e.g., plasmid DNA, and DNA fragments, including restriction fragments, can be generated by amplification. Furthermore, oligonucleotides can be synthesized or isolated from recombinant DNA molecules. One skilled in the art will appreciated that other methods are available to obtain DNA or RNA molecules having at least a portion of a microbial GUS sequence. Moreover, for particular applications, these nucleic acids may be labeled by techniques known in the art with a radiolabel (e.g., ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, ¹²⁵I ¹³¹I, ³H, ¹⁴C), fluorescent label (e.g., FITC, Cy5, RITC, Texas Red), chemiluminescent label, enzyme, biotin and the like.

[0054] In other aspects of the present invention, isolated microbial glucuronidase proteins are provided. In one embodiment, GUS protein is expressed as a hexa-his fusion protein and isolated by metal-containing chromatography, such as nickel-coupled beads. Briefly, a sequence encoding His₆ is linked to a DNA sequence encoding a GUS. Although the His₆ sequence can be positioned anywhere in the molecule, preferably it is linked at the 3′ end immediately preceding the termination codon. The His-GUS fusion may be constructed by any of a variety of methods. A convenient method is amplification of the GUS gene using a downstream primer that contains the codons for His₆.

[0055] In one aspect of the present invention, peptides having microbial GUS sequence are provided. Peptides may be used as immunogens to raise antibodies, as well as other uses. Peptides are generally five to 100 amino acids long, and more usually 10 to 50 amino acids. Peptides are readily chemically synthesized in an automated fashion (PerkinElmer ABI Peptide Synthesizer) or may be obtained commercially. Peptides may be further purified by a variety of methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, peptides and proteins may contain amino acids other than the 20 naturally occurring amino acids or may contain derivatives and modification of the amino acids.

[0056] β-glucuronidase protein may be isolated by standard methods, such as affinity chromatography using matrices containing saccharose lactone, phenythio-β-glucuronide, antibodies to GUS protein and the like, size exclusion chromatography, ionic exchange chromatography, HPLC, and other known protein isolation methods. (see generally Ausubel et al. supra; Sambrook et al. supra). The protein can be expressed as a hexa-His fusion protein and isolated by metal-containing chromatography, such as nickel-coupled beads. An isolated purified protein gives a single band on SDS-PAGE when stained with Coomassie blue.

Antibodies to Microbial GUS

[0057] Antibodies to microbial GUS proteins, fragments, or peptides discussed herein may readily be prepared. Such antibodies may specifically recognize reference microbial GUS protein and not a mutant (or variant) protein, mutant (or variant) protein and not wild type protein, or equally recognize both the mutant (or variant) and wild-type forms. Antibodies may be used for isolation of the protein, inhibiting (antagonist) activity of the protein, or enhancing (agonist) activity of the protein.

[0058] Within the context of the present invention, antibodies are understood to include monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, antibody fragments (e.g., Fab, and F(ab′)₂, F_(v) variable regions, or complementarity determining regions). Antibodies are generally accepted as specific against GUS protein if they bind with a K_(d) of greater than or equal to 10⁻⁷M, preferably greater than of equal to 10⁻⁸M. The affinity of a monoclonal antibody or binding partner can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art (see Scatchard, Ann. N. Y Acad Sci. 51:660-672, 1949).

[0059] Briefly, a polyclonal antibody preparation may be readily generated in a variety of warm-blooded animals such as rabbits, mice, or rats. Typically, an animal is immunized with GUS protein or peptide thereof, which may be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Routes of administration include intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraocular, or subcutaneous injections, usually in an adjuvant (e.g., Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant). Particularly preferred polyclonal antisera demonstrate binding in an assay that is at least three times greater than background.

[0060] Monoclonal antibodies may also be readily generated from hybridoma cell lines using conventional techniques (see U.S. Pat. Nos. RE 32,011, 4,902,614, 4,543,439, and 4,411,993; see also Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Briefly, within one embodiment, a subject animal such as a rat or mouse is injected with GUS or a portion thereof. The protein may be administered as an emulsion in an adjuvant such as Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant in order to increase the immune response. Between one and three weeks after the initial immunization the animal is generally boosted and may tested for reactivity to the protein utilizing well-known assays. The spleen and/or lymph nodes are harvested and immortalized. Various immortalization techniques, such as mediated by Epstein-Barr virus or fusion to produce a hybridoma, may be used. In a preferred embodiment, immortalization occurs by fusion with a suitable myeloma cell line (e.g., NS-1 (ATCC No. TIB 18), and P3X63- Ag 8.653 (ATCC No. CRL 1580) to create a hybridoma that secretes monoclonal antibody. The preferred fusion partners do not express endogenous antibody genes. Following fusion, the cells are cultured in medium containing a reagent that selectively allows for the growth of fused spleen and myeloma cells such as HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine) and are subsequently screened for the presence of antibodies that are reactive against a GUS protein. A wide variety of assays may be utilized, including for example countercurrent immuno-electrophoresis, radioimmunoassays, radioimmunoprecipitations, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), dot blot assays, western blots, immunoprecipitation, inhibition or competition assays, and sandwich assays (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,376,110 and 4,486,530; see also Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988).

[0061] Other techniques may also be utilized to construct monoclonal antibodies (see Huse et al., Science 246:1275-1281, 1989; Sastry et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5728-5732, 1989; Alting-Mees et al., Strategies in Molecular Biology 3:1-9, 1990; describing recombinant techniques). Briefly, RNA is isolated from a B cell population and utilized to create heavy and light chain immunoglobulin cDNA expression libraries in suitable vectors, such as λImmunoZap(H) and λImmunoZap(L). These vectors may be screened individually or co-expressed to form Fab fragments or antibodies (see Huse et al., supra; Sastry et al., supra). Positive plaques may subsequently be converted to a non-lytic plasmid that allows high level expression of monoclonal antibody fragments from E. coli.

[0062] Similarly, portions or fragments, such as Fab and Fv fragments, of antibodies may also be constructed utilizing conventional enzymatic digestion or recombinant DNA techniques to yield isolated variable regions of an antibody. Within one embodiment, the genes which encode the variable region from a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody of interest are amplified using nucleotide primers for the variable region. These primers may be synthesized by one of ordinary skill in the art, or may be purchased from commercially available sources (e.g., Stratacyte, La Jolla, Calif.) Amplification products are inserted into vectors such as ImmunoZAP™ H or ImmunoZAP™ L (Stratacyte), which are then introduced into E. coli, yeast, or mammalian-based systems for expression. Utilizing these techniques, large amounts of a single-chain protein containing a fusion of the V_(H) and V_(L) domains may be produced (see Bird et al., Science 242:423-426, 1988). In addition, techniques may be utilized to change -a “murine” antibody to a “human” antibody, without altering the binding specificity of the antibody.

[0063] Once suitable antibodies have been obtained, they may be isolated or purified by many techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Harlow and Lane (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Suitable techniques include peptide or protein affinity columns, HPLC or RP-HPLC, purification on protein A or protein G columns, or any combination of these techniques.

Assays for Function of β-glucuronidase

[0064] In preferred embodiments, microbial β-glucuronidase will have at least enzymatic activity and capability of being secreted. As noted above, variants of these reference GUS proteins may exhibit altered functional activity and cellular localization. Enzymatic activity may be assessed by an assay such as the ones disclosed herein or in U.S. Pat. No. 5,268.463 (Jefferson). Generally, a chromogenic or fluorogenic substrate is incubated with cell extracts, tissue sections, or purified protein. Cleavage of the substrate is monitored by a method appropriate for the aglycon.

[0065] A variety of methods may be used to demonstrate that a β-glucuronidase is secreted. For example, a rapid screening method in which colonies of organisms or cells, such as bacteria, yeast or insect cells, are plated and incubated with a readily visualized glucuronide substrate, such as X-glcA. A colony with a diffuse staining pattern likely secretes GUS, although such a pattern could indicate that the cell has the ability to pump out the cleaved glucuronide or that the enzyme is membrane bound. When test cells express GUS from an introduced vector, a cell that is known to not pump out cleaved substrate is preferably used.

[0066] Secretion of the enzyme may be verified by assaying for GUS activity in the extracellular environment. If the cells secreting GUS are gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, molds, plants, or other organisms with cell walls, activity may be assayed in the culture medium and in a cell extract, however, the protein may not be transported through the cell wall. Thus, if no or low activity of a secreted form of GUS is found in the culture medium, protoplasts can be made by osmotic shock or enzymatic digestion of the cell wall or other suitable procedure, and the supernatant assayed for GUS activity. If the cells secreting GUS are gram-negative bacteria, culture supernatant may be tested, but more likely β-glucuronidase will be retained in the periplasmic space between the inner and outer membrane. In this case, spheroplasts may be made by osmotic shock, enzymatic digestion, or other suitable procedure, and the supernatant assayed for GUS activity. Other cells, without cell walls, are assayed for GUS in cell supernatant and cell extracts. The fraction of activity in each compartment is compared to the activity of a non-secreted GUS in the same or similar host cells. A β-glucuronidase is secreted if significantly more enzyme activity than E. coli GUS activity is found in extracellular spaces. Less than 10% of E. coli GUS is secreted. Higher amounts of secreted enzyme are preferred (e.g., greater than 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%).

Vectors, Host Cells and Means of Expressing and Producing Protein

[0067] Microbial β-glucuronidase may be expressed in a variety of host organisms. For protein production and purification, secreted GUS is preferably produced in bacteria, such as E. coli, for which many expression vectors have been developed and are available. Other suitable host organisms include other bacterial species (e.g., Bacillus, and eukaryotes, such as yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae), mammalian cells (e.g., CHO and COS-7), plant cells and insect cells (e.g., Sf9). Vectors for these hosts are well known.

[0068] A DNA sequence encoding a secreted form of β-glucuronidase is introduced into an expression vector appropriate for the host. The sequence is derived from an existing clone or synthesized. A preferred means of synthesis is amplification of the gene from cDNA, genomic DNA, or a recombinant clone using a set of primers that flank the coding region or the desired portion of the protein. Restriction sites are typically incorporated into the primer sequences and are chosen with regard to the cloning site of the vector. If necessary, translational initiation and termination codons can be engineered into the primer sequences. The sequence of GUS can be codon-optimized for expression in a particular host. For example, a secreted form of β-glucuronidase isolated from a bacterial species that is expressed in a fungal host, such as yeast, is altered in nucleotide sequence to use codons preferred in yeast. Codon-optimization may be accomplished by methods such as splice overlap extension, site-directed mutagenesis, automated synthesis, and the like.

[0069] At minimum, the vector must contain a promoter sequence. Other regulatory sequences may be included. Such sequences include a transcription termination signal sequence, secretion signal sequence, origin of replication, selectable marker, and the like. The regulatory sequences are operationally associated with one another to allow transcription or translation.

Expression in Bacteria

[0070] The plasmids used herein for expression of secreted GUS include a promoter designed for expression of the proteins in a bacterial host. Suitable promoters are widely available and are well known in the art. Inducible or constitutive promoters are preferred. Such promoters for expression in bacteria include promoters from the T7 phage and other phages, such as T3, T5, and SP6, and the trp, lpp, and lac operons. Hybrid promoters (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,433), such as tac and trc, may also be used. Promoters for expression in eukaryotic cells include the P10 or polyhedron gene promoter of baculovirus/insect cell expression systems (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,243,041, 5,242,687, 5,266,317, 4,745,051, and 5,169,784), MMTV LTR, RSV LTR, SV40, metallothionein promoter (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,009) and other inducible promoters. For expression of the proteins, a promoter is inserted in operative linkage with the coding region for β-glucuronidase.

[0071] The promoter controlling transcription of β-glucuronidase may be controlled by a repressor. In some systems, the promoter can be derepressed by altering the physiological conditions of the cell, for example, by the addition of a molecule that competitively binds the repressor, or by altering the temperature of the growth media. Preferred repressor proteins include, but are not limited to the E. coli lacI repressor responsive to IPTG induction, the temperature sensitive λcI857 repressor, and the like. The E. coli lacI repressor is preferred.

[0072] In other preferred embodiments, the vector also includes a transcription terminator sequence. A “transcription terminator region” has either a sequence that provides a signal that terminates transcription by the polymerase that recognizes the selected promoter and/or a signal sequence for polyadenylation.

[0073] Preferably, the vector is capable of replication in bacterial cells. Thus, the vector preferably contains a bacterial origin of replication. Preferred bacterial origins of replication include the f1-ori and col E1 origins of replication, especially the ori derived from pUC plasmids.

[0074] The plasmids also preferably include at least one selectable marker that is functional in the host. A selectable marker gene includes any gene that confers a phenotype on the host that allows transformed cells to be identified and selectively grown. Suitable selectable marker genes for bacterial hosts include the ampicillin resistance gene (Amp^(r)), tetracycline resistance gene (Tc^(r)) and the kanamycin resistance gene (Kan^(r)). The kanamycin resistance gene is presently preferred. Suitable markers for eukaryotes usually require a complementary deficiency in the host (e.g., thymidine kinase (tk) in tk- hosts). However, drug markers are also available (e.g., G418 resistance and hygromycin resistance).

[0075] The sequence of nucleotides encoding β-glucuronidase may also include a classical secretion signal, whereby the resulting peptide is a precursor protein processed and secreted. The resulting processed protein may be recovered from the periplasmic space or the fermentation medium. Secretion signals suitable for use are widely available and are well known in the art (von Heijne, J. Mol. Biol. 184:99-105, 1985). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic secretion signals that are functional in E. coli (or other host) may be employed. The presently preferred secretion signals include, but are not limited to, those encoded by the following E. coli genes: pelB (Lei et al., J. Bacteriol. 169:4379, 1987), phoA, ompA, ompT, ompF, ompC, beta-lactamase, and alkaline phosphatase.

[0076] One skilled in the art appreciates that there are a wide variety of suitable vectors for expression in bacterial cells and which are readily obtainable. Vectors such as the pET series (Novagen, Madison, Wis.) and the tac and trc series (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) are suitable for expression of a β-glucuronidase. A preferred vector is the backbone of pLAD-F48 (FIG. 15). This plasmid is ampicillin resistant, has a colEI origin of replication, lac^(q) gene, a lac/trp hybrid promoter in front of the lac Shine-Dalgarno sequence, a hexa-his coding sequence that joins to the 3′ end of the inserted gene, and an rrnB terminator sequence.

[0077] The choice of a bacterial host for the expression of a β-glucuronidase is dictated in part by the vector. Commercially available vectors are paired with suitable hosts. The vector is introduced in bacterial cells by standard methodology. Typically, bacterial cells are treated to allow uptake of DNA (for protocols, see generally, Ausubel et al., supra; Sambrook et al., supra). Alternatively, the vector may be introduced by electroporation, phage infection, or another suitable method.

Expression in Plant Cells

[0078] As noted above, the present invention provides vectors capable of expressing secreted β-glucuronidase. For agricultural applications, the vectors should be functional in plant cells. Vectors and procedures for cloning and expression in E. coli and animal cells are discussed herein and, for example, in Sambrook et al (supra) and in Ausubel et al. (supra). In one embodiment, rice is a host for GUS gene expression.

[0079] Vectors that are functional in plants are preferably binary plasmids derived from Agrobacterium plasmids. Such vectors are capable of transforming plant cells. These vectors contain left and right border sequences that are required for integration into the host (plant) chromosome. At minimum, between these border sequences is the gene to be expressed under control of a promoter. In preferred embodiments, a selectable marker and a reporter gene are also included. The vector also preferably contains a bacterial origin of replication.

[0080] A gene for microbial β-glucuronidase should be in operative linkage with a promoter. The promoter should be functional in a plant cell. Typically, the promoter is derived from a host plant gene, but promoters from other plant species and other organisms, such as insects, fungi, viruses, mammals, and the like, may also be suitable, and at times preferred. The promoter may be constitutive or inducible, or may be active in a certain tissue or tissues (tissue type-specific promoter), in a certain cell or cells (cell-type specific promoter), of at a particular stage or stages of development (development-type specific promoter). The choice of a promoter depends at least in part upon the application. Many promoters have been identified and isolated (see, generally, GenBank and EMBL databases). Other promoters may be isolated by well-known methods. For example, a genomic clone for a particular gene can be isolated by probe hybridization. The coding region is mapped by restriction mapping, DNA sequence analysis, RNase probe protection, or other suitable method. The genomic region immediately upstream of the coding region comprises a promoter region and is isolated. Generally, the promoter region is located in the first 200 bases upstream, but may extend to 500 or more bases. The candidate region is inserted in a suitable vector in operative linkage with a reporter gene, such as in pBI121 in place of the CaMV 35S promoter, and the promoter is tested by assaying for the reporter gene after transformation into a plant cell. (see, generally, Ausubel et al., supra; Sambrook et al., supra; Methods in Plant Molecular Biolgoy and Biotechnology, Ed. Glick and Thompson, CRC Press, 1993.)

[0081] Preferably, the vector contains a selectable marker for identifying transformants. The selectable marker preferably confers a growth advantage under appropriate conditions. Generally, selectable markers are drug resistance genes, such as neomycin phosphotransferase. Other drug resistance genes are known to those in the art and may be readily substituted. The selectable marker also preferably has a linked constitutive or inducible promoter and a termination sequence, including a polyadenylation signal sequence.

[0082] Additionally, a bacterial origin of replication and a selectable marker for bacteria are preferably included in the vector. Of the various origins (e.g., colEI, fd phage), a colEI origin of replication is preferred. Most preferred is the origin from the pUC plasmids, which allow high copy number. Selectable markers for bacteria include, ampicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, kanamycin resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, and the like.

[0083] The sequence of nucleotides encoding β-glucuronidase may also include a classical secretion signal, whereby the resulting peptide is a precursor protein processed and secreted. Suitable signal sequences of plant genes include, but are not limited to the signal sequences from glycine-rich protein and extensin. In addition, a glucuronide permease gene may be co-transfected either from the same vector containing microbial GUS or from a separate expression vector.

[0084] A general vector suitable for use in the present invention is based on pBI121 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,081) a derivative of pBIN19. Other vectors have been described (U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,475) or may be constructed based on the guidelines presented herein. The plasmid pBI121 contains a left and right border sequence for integration into a plant host chromosome and also contains a bacterial origin of replication and selectable marker. These border sequences flank two genes. One is a kanamycin resistance gene (neomycin phosphotransferase) driven by a nopaline synthase promoter and using a nopaline synthase polyadenylation site. The second is the E. coli GUS gene (reporter gene) under control of the CaMV 35S promoter and polyadenlyated using a nopaline synthase polyadenylation site. The E. coli GUS gene is replaced with a gene encoding a secreted form of β-glucuronidase. If appropriate, the CaMV 35S promoter is replaced by a different promoter. Either one of the expression units described above is additionally inserted or is inserted in place of the CaMV promoter and GUS gene.

[0085] Plants may be transformed by any of several methods. For example, plasmid DNA may be introduced by Agrobacterium co-cultivation or bombardment. Other transformation methods include electroporation, CaPO₄-mediated transfection, gene transfer to protoplasts, microinjection, and the like (see, Gene Transfer to Plants, Ed. Potrykus and Spangenberg, Springer, 1995, for procedures). Preferably, vector DNA is first transfected into Agrobacterium and subsequently introduced into plant cells. Most preferably, the infection is achieved by co-cultivation. In part, the choice of transformation methods depends upon the plant to be transformed. For example, monocots generally cannot be transformed by Agrobacterium. Thus, Agrobacterium transformation by co-cultivation is most appropriate for dicots and for mitotically active tissue. Non-mitotic dicot tissues can be efficiently infected by Agrobacterium when a projectile or bombardment method is utilized. Projectile methods are also generally used for transforming sunflowers and soybean. Bombardment is used when naked DNA, typically Agrobacterium or pUC-based plasmids, is used for transformation or transient expression.

[0086] Briefly, co-cultivation is performed by first transforming Agrobacterium by freeze-thawing (Holsters et al., Mol Gen. Genet. 163: 181-187, 1978) or by other suitable methods (see, Ausubel, et al. supra; Sambrook et al., supra). A culture of Agrobacterium containing the plasmid is incubated with leaf disks, protoplasts or meristematic tissue to generate transformed plants (Bevan, Nucl. Acids. Res. 12:8711, 1984).

[0087] Briefly, for microprojectile bombardment, seeds are surface sterilized in bleach solution and rinsed with distilled water. Seeds are then imbibed in distilled water, and the cotyledons are broken off to produce a clean fracture at the plane of the embryonic axis. Explants are then bisected longitudinally between the primordial leaves and placed cut surface up on medium with growth regulating hormones, minerals and vitamin additives. Explants are bombarded with 1.8 μm tungsten microprojectiles by a particle acceleration device. Freshly bombarded explants are placed in a suspension of transformed Agrobacterium transferred to medium with the cut surfaces down for 3 days with an 18 hr light cycle. Explants are transferred to medium lacking growth regulators but containing drug for selection and grown for 2-5 weeks. After 1-2 weeks more without drug selection, leaf samples from green, drug-resistant shoots are grafted to in vitro grown rootstock and transferred to soil.

[0088] Activity of secreted GUS is assayed in whole plants or in selected tissues using a glucuronide substrate that is readily detected upon cleavage. Glucuronide substrates that are calorimetric are preferred. Field testing of plants may be performed by spraying a plant with the glucuronide substrate and observing color formation of the cleaved product.

Expression in Other Organisms

[0089] A variety of other organisms are suitable for use in the present invention. For example, various fungi, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, insects, especially vectors for diseases and pathogens, and other animals, such as cows, mice, goats, and the like, may be transformed with a GUS transgene.

[0090] The principles that guide vector construction for bacteria and plants, as discussed above, are applicable to vectors for these organisms. In general, vectors are well known and readily available. Briefly, the vector should have a promoter in operative linkage with GUS. Usually, the vector will also have one or more selectable markers, an origin of replication, a polyadenylation signal and transcription terminator.

[0091] The sequence of nucleotides encoding β-glucuronidase may also include a classical secretion signal, whereby the resulting peptide is a precursor protein processed and secreted. Suitable secretion signals may be obtained from mat-alpha or invertase genes for example. In addition, a permease gene may be co-transfected.

Uses of Microbial β-glucuronidase

[0092] As noted above, microbial β-glucuronidase may be used in a variety of applications. In general, microbial β-glucuronidase can be used as a reporter/effector molecule and as a diagnostic tool. As taught herein, microbial β-glucuronidase that is secretable is advantageous as a reporter/effector molecule, whereas, in dignostic applications, the biochemical characteristics of the β-glucuronidase disclosed herein provide advantages.

[0093] Secreted microbial GUS can be used as a marker for transgenic constructions. In a preferred embodiment, the transgenic host is a plant, such as rice, corn, wheat. The transgenic GUS may be used in at least two ways: one in a method of positive selection, obviating the need for drug resistance selection, and a second as a means of detecting and tracking linked genes.

[0094] For positive selection, the plant cell is transformed with a s-GUS (secretable GUS) transgene. Selection is achieved by providing the cells with a gluronidated form of a required nutrient. For example, all cells require a carbon source, such as glucose. In one embodiment, glucose is provided as glucuronyl glucose, which is cleaved by s-GUS into glucose plus glucuronic acid. The glucose would then bind to receptors and be taken up by cells. The glucuronide may be any required compound, including without limitation, a cytokinin, auxin, vitamin, carbohydrate, nitrogen-containing compound, and the like. It will be appreciated that this positive selection method can be used for cells and tissues derived from diverse organisms, such as animal cells, insect cells, fungi, and the like. The choice of glucuronide will depend in part upon the requirements of the host cell.

[0095] As a marker, s-GUS is preferred because it is non-destructive, that is, the host does not need to be destroyed in order to assay enzyme activity. A non-destructive marker has special utility as a tool in plant breeding. The GUS enzyme can be used to detect and track linked endogenous or exogenously introduced genes. s-GUS may also be used to generate sentinel plants that serve as bioindicators of environmental status. Plant pathogen invasion can be monitored if GUS is under control of a pathogen promoter. In addition, such transgenic plants may serve as a model system for screening inhibitors of pathogen invasion. In this system, GUS is expressed if a pathogen invades. In the presence of an effective inhibitor, GUS activity will not be detectable. In certain embodiments, s-GUS is co-transfected with a gene encoding a glucuronide permease.

[0096] Preferred transgenes for introduction into plants encode proteins that affect fertility, including male sterility, female fecundity, and apomixis; plant protection genes, including proteins that confer resistance to diseases, bacteria, fungus, nemotodes, viruses and insects; genes and proteins that affect developmental processes or confer new phenotypes, such as genes that control development of meristem, timing of flowering, and the such.

[0097] Insect and disease resistance genes are well known. Some of these genes are present in the genome of plants and have been genetically identified. Others of these genes have been found in bacteria and are used to confer resistance.

[0098] Particularly well known insect resistance genes are the crystal genes of Bacillus thuringiensis. The crystal genes are active against various insects, such as lepidopterans, Diptera, and mosquitos. Many of these genes have been cloned. For examples, see, GenBank Accession Nos. X96682, X96684; M76442, M90843, M89794, M22472, M37207, D17518, L32019, M97880, L32020, M64478, M11250, M13201, D00117, M73319, X17123, X86902, X06711, X13535, X54939, X54159, X13233, X54160, X56144, X58534, X59797, X75019, X62821, Z46442, U07642, U35780, U43605, U43606, U10985; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,317,096; 5,254,799; 5,460,963; 5,308,760, 5,466,597, 5,2187,091, 5,382,429, 5,164,180, 5,206,166, 5,407,825, 4,918,066; PCT Applications WO 95/30753, WO 94/24264; AU 9062083; EP 408403 B1, EP 142924 B1, EP 256,553 B1, EP 192,741 Bl; JP 62-56932; . Gene sequences for these and related proteins may be obtained by standard and routine technologies, such as probe hybridization of a B. thuringiensis library or amplification (see generally, Sambrook et al., supra, Ausubel et al. supra). The probes and primers may be synthesized based on publicly available sequence information.

[0099] Other resistance genes to Sclerotinia, cyst nematodes, tobacco mosaic virus, flax and crown rust, rice blast, powdery mildew, verticillum wilt, potato beetle, aphids, as well as other infections, are useful within the context of this invention. Examples of such disease resistance genes may be isolated from teachings in the following references: isolation of rust disease resistance gene from flax plants (WO 95/29238); isolation of the gene encoding Rps2 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana that confers disease resistance to pathogens carrying the avrRpt2 avirulence gene (WO 95/28478); isolation of a gene encoding a lectin-like protein of kidney bean confers insect resistance (JP 71-32092); isolation of the Hml disease resistance gene to C. carbonum from maize (WO 95/07989); for examples of other resistance genes, see WO 95/05743; U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,732; U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,126; EP 616035; EP 392225; WO 94/18335; JP 43-20631; EP 502719; WO 90/11770; U.S. Pat. No. 5,270,200; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,218,104 and 5,306,863). In addition, general methods for identification and isolation of plant disease resistance genes are disclosed (WO 95/28423). Any of these gene sequences suitable for insertion in a vector according to the present invention may be obtained by standard recombinant technology techniques, such as probe hybridization or amplification. When amplification is performed, restriction sites suitable for cloning are preferably inserted. Nucleotide sequences for other transgenes, such as controlling male fertility, are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,369, references therein, and Mariani et al., Nature 347:737, 1990.

[0100] In similar fashion, secreted GUS can be used to generate transgenic insects for tracking insect populations or facilitate the development of a bioassay for compounds that affect molecules critical for insect development (e.g., juvenile hormone). Secreted GUS may also serve as a marker for beneficial fungi destined for release into the environment. The non-destructive marker is useful for detecting persistance and competitive advantage of the released organisms.

[0101] In animal systems, secreted GUS may be used to achieve extracellular detoxification of glucuronides (e.g, toxin glucuronide) and examine conjugation patterns of glucuronides. Furthermore as discussed above, secreted GUS may be used as a transgenic marker to track cells or as a positive selection system, or to assist in development of new bioactive GUS substrates that do not need to be transported across membrane.

[0102] In one aspect, microbial purified β-glucuronidase is used in medical applications. For these applications, secretion is not a necessary characteristic. The biochemical attributes, such as increased stability and enzymatic activity disclosed herein are preferred characteristics. The microbial glucuronidase preferably has one or more of the disclosed characteristics.

[0103] For the majority of drug or pharmaceutical analysis, the compounds in urine, blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids are de-glucuronidated prior to analysis. Such procedure is undertaken because compounds are often, if not nearly always, detoxified by glucuronidation. Thus, drugs that are in circulation and have passed through a site of glucuronidation (e.g., liver) are found conjugated to glucuronic acid. Such glucuronides yield a complex pattern upon analysis by, for example, HPLC. However, after the aglycon (drug) is cleaved from the glucuronic acid, a spectrum can be compared to a reference spectrum. Currently, E. coli GUS is utilized, but as shown herein, Bacillus GUS has superior qualities.

[0104] The microbial GUS enzymes disclosed herein may be used in traditional medical diagnostic assays, such as described above for drug testing, pharmacokinetic studies, bioavailability studies, diagnosis of diseases and syndromes, following progression of disease or its response to therapy and the like. These β-glucuronidase enzymes may be used in place of other traditional enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, and the like) and compounds (e.g., green fluorescent protein, radionuclides) that serve as visualizing agents. Microbial GUS has critical qualities for use as a visualizing agent: it is highly specific for the substrate, water soluble and the substrates are stable. Thus, microbial GUS is suitable for use in southern analysis of DNA, northern analysis, ELISA, and the like. In preferred embodiments, microbial GUS binds a hapten, either as a fusion protein with a partner protein that binds the hapten (e.g., avidin that binds biotin) or alone. If used alone, microbial GUS can be mutagenized and selected for hapten-binding abilities. Mutagenesis and binding assays are well known in the art. In addition, microbial GUS can be conjugated to avidin, streptavidin, or other hapten binding protein and used as a reporter in the myriad assays that currently employ enzyme-linked binding proteins. Such assays include immunoassays, Western blots, in situ hybridizations, HPLC, high-throughput binding assays, and the like (see, for examples, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,328,985 and 4,839,293, which teach avidin and streptavidin fusion proteins and U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,685, Diamandis and Christopoulos, Clin. Chem. 37:625, 1991; Richards, Methods Enzymol. 184:3, 1990; Wilchek and Bayer, Methods Enzymol. 184:467, 1990; Wilchek and Bayer, Methods Enzymol. 184:5, 1990; Wilchek and Bayer, Methods Enzymol. 184:14, 1990; Dunn, Methods Mol. Biol 32:227, 1994; Bloch, J. Hitochem. Cytochem. 41:1751, 1993; Bayer and Wilchek J. Chromatogr. 510:3, 1990, which teach various applications of enzyme-linked technologies and methods).

[0105] The present invention also provides kits comprising microbial GUS protein or expression vectors containing microbial GUS gene. One exemplary type of kit is a dipstick test. Such tests are widely utilized for establishing pregnancy, as well as other conditions. Generally, these dipstick tests assay the glucuronide form, but it would be advantageous to use reagents that detect the aglycon form. Thus, GUS may be immobilized on the dipstick adjacent to or mixed in with the detector molecule (e.g., antibody). The dipstick is then dipped in the test fluid (e.g., urine) and as the compounds flow past GUS, they are cleaved into aglycon and glucuronic acid. The aglycon is then detected. Such a setup may be extremely useful for testing compounds that are not readily detectable as glucuronides.

[0106] In a variation of this method, the microbial GUS enzyme is engineered to bind a glucuronide but lacks enzymatic activity. The enzyme will then bind the glucuronide and the enzyme is detected by standard methodology. Alternatively, GUS is fused to a second protein, either as a fusion protein or as a chemical conjugate, that binds the aglycon. The fusion is incubated with the test substance and an indicator substrate is added. This procedure may be used for ELISA, Northern, Southern analysis and the like.

[0107] The following examples are offered by way of illustration, and not by way of limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation of a Gene Encoding Secreted β-glucuronidase

[0108] Soil samples are placed in broth and plated for growth of bacterial colonies on agar plates containing 50 μg/ml X-glcA (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl glucuronide), an indicator substrate for β-glucuronidase. This substrate gives a blue precipitate at the site of enzyme activity (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,463). Bacteria that secrete β-glucuronidase have a strong, diffuse staining pattern surrounding the colony.

[0109] One bacterial colony that exhibited this type of staining pattern is chosen. The bacterium is identified as a Bacillus based on amplification of 16S rRNA. Oligonucleotide sequences derived from areas exhibiting a high degree of similarity between E. coli and human β-glucuronidases are used in amplification reactions on Bacillus and E. coli DNA. A fragment is observed using Bacillus DNA, which is the same size as the E. coli fragment.

[0110] Bacillus DNA is digested with Hind III and ligated to Hind III-digested pBSII-KS plasmid vector. The recombinant plasmid is transfected into KW1, an E. coli strain that is deleted for the GUS operon. Cells are plated on X-glcA plates, and one colony exhibited strong, diffuse staining pattern, suggesting that this clone encoded a secreted β-glucuronidase enzyme. The plasmid, pRAJa17.1, is isolated and subjected to analysis.

[0111] The DNA sequence of the insert of pRAJa17.1 is shown in FIG. 1. A schematic of the 6029 bp fragment is shown in FIG. 2. The fragment contains four large open reading frames. The open reading frame proposed as secreted GUS (BoGUS) begins at nucleotide 1662 and extends to 3467 (FIG. 1). The predicted translate is shown in FIG. 3 and its alignment with E. coli and human β-glucuronidase is presented in FIG. 4. BoGUS is 47.2% identical to E. coli GUS, which is about the same identity as human GUS and E. coli GUS (49.1%). Thus, GUS from Bacillus is about as related to another bacterium as to human. One striking difference in sequence among the proteins is the number of cysteine residues. Whereas, both human and E. coli GUS have 4 and 9 cysteines, respectively, BoGUS has only one cysteine.

[0112] The secreted GUS protein is 602 amino acids long and does not have a canonical leader peptide. A prototypic leader sequence has an amino-terminal positively charged region, a central hydrophobic region, and a more polar carboxy-terminal region (see, von Heijne, J. Membrane Biol. 115:195-201, 1990) and is generally about 20 amino acids long. However, in both mammalian and bacterial cells, proteins without canonical or identifiable secretory sequences have been found in extracellular or periplasmic spaces.

Example 2 Properties of Secreted β-glucuronidase

[0113] Although the screen described above suggests that the Bacillus GUS is secreted, the cellular localization of BoGUS is examined. Cellular fractions (e.g., periplasm, spheroplast, supernatant, etc.) are prepared from KW1 cells transformed with pRAJa17.1 or a subfragment that contains the GUS gene and from E. coli cells that express β-glucuronidase. GUS activity and β-galactosidase activity is determined for each fraction. The percent of total activity in the periplasm fraction for GUS and β-gal (a non-secreted protein) are calculated; the amount of β-gal activity is considered background and thus is subtracted from the amount of β-glucuronidase activity. In FIG. 6, the relative activities of BoGUS and E. coli GUS in the periplasm fraction are plotted. As shown, approximately 50% of BoGUS activity is found in the periplasm, whereas less than 10% of E. coli GUS activity is present.

[0114] The thermal stability of BoGUS and E. coli GUS enzymes are determined at 65° C., using an substrate that can be measured by spectrophotometry, for example. One such substrate is p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide (pNPG), which when cleaved by GUS releases the chromophore p-nitrophenol. At a pH greater than its pKa (approximately 7.15), the ionized chromophore absorbs light at 400-420 nm, in the yellow range of visible light. Briefly, reactions are performed in 50 mM NaPO4 pH 7.0, 10 mM 2-ME, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM pNPG, and 0.1% Triton X-100 at 37° C. The reactions are terminated by the addition of 0.4 ml of 2-amino, 2-methyl propanediol, and absorbance measured at 415 nm against a substrate blank. Under these conditions, the molar extinction coefficient of p-nitorphenol is assumed to be 14,000. One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that produces 1 nmole of product/min at 37° C.

[0115] As shown in FIG. 7, BoGUS has a half-life of approximately 16 min, while E. coli GUS has a half-life of less than 2 min. Thus, BoGUS is at least 8 times more stable than the E. coli GUS. In addition, the catalytic properties of BoGUS are substantially better than the E. coli enzyme. The Km is two-fold less and the Vmax is 2.5 times greater. TABLE 1 BoGUS E. coli GUS Km 70 μM pNPG 150 μM pNPG Vmax 90 nmoles/min/μg  35 nmoles/min/μg

[0116] The turnover number of BoGUS is 2.5 to 5 times higher than E. coli GUS at either 37° C. or at room temperature (FIGS. 8 and 9). A turnover number is calculated as nmoles of pNPG converted to p-nitrophenol per min per μg of purified protein.

[0117] BoGUS enzyme activity is resistant to inhibition by detergents. Enzyme activity assays are measured in the presence of varying amounts of SDS, Triton X-100, or sarcosyl. As presented in FIG. 10, BoGUS was not inhibited or only slightly inhibited (<20% inhibition) in Triton X-100 and Sarcosyl. In SDS, the enzyme still had substantial activity (60-75% activity). In addition, BoGUS is not inhibited by the end product of the reaction. Activity is determined normally or in the presence of 1 or 10 mM glucuronic acid. No inhibition is seen at either 1 or 10 mM glucuronic acid (FIG. 11). The enzyme is also assayed in the presence of organic solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and high concentrations of NaCl (FIG. 12). Only at the highest concentrations of DMF and DMSO (20%) does BoGUS demonstrate inhibition, which is approximately 40% inhibited. In lesser concentrations of organic solvent and in the presence of 1 M NaCl, BoGUS retains essentially complete activity.

Example 3 Construction of a Codon Optimized Secreted β-glucuronidase

[0118] The Bacillus GUS gene is codon-optimized for expression in E. coli. Codon frequencies for each codon are determined by back translation using ecohigh codons for highly expressed genes of enteric bacteria. These ecohigh codon usages are available from GCG. The most frequently used codon for each amino acid is then chosen for synthesis. In addition, the polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, splice consensus sequences, ATTTA AGGT, and restriction sites that are found in polylinkers are eliminated. Other changes may be made to reduce potential secondary structure. To facilitate cloning in various vectors, four different 5′ ends are synthesized: the first, called A0 (shown in FIG. 13), uses a sequence comprising an Nco I (underlined), Bgl II (double underlined), and Spe I (italicized) sites (GTCGACCCATGGTAGATCTGACTAGT) are added just 5′ to the Leu codon at amino acid 2 in FIG. 3. The second one, called AI, adds the native Shine/Dalgarno sequence (GTCGACAGGAGTGCTATC) 5′ of the initiator Met codon; the third, called AII, adds a modified Shine/Dalgarno sequence 5′ of the initiator Met codon such that a Nco I site is added (GTCGACAGGAGTGCTAC); the fourth one, called AIII adds a modified Shine/Dalgarno sequence (GTCGACAGGAGTGCTACCATGGTAGAT) 5′ of the Leu codon (residue 2). All of these 5′ added sequences contain a Sal I site at the extreme 5′ end to facilitate construction and cloning. In certain embodiments, to facilitate protein purification, a sequence comprising an Nhe I (underlined) site, an Apa I (double underlined) site, and encoding hexa-his amino acids at joined at the 3′ (COOH-terminus) of the gene. GCTAGCCATCACCATCACCATCACGTGTGAATTGGTGACCGGGCCC SerSerHisHisHisHisHisHisVal *

[0119] Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of one engineered secretable microbial GUS are shown in FIG. 13, and a schematic is shown in FIG. 14. The coding sequence for this protein is assembled in pieces. The sequence is dissected into four fragments, A (bases 1-457); B (bases 458-1012); C (bases 1013-1501); and D (bases 1502-1875). Oligonucleotides (Table 2) that are roughly 80 bases (range 36-100 bases) are synthesized to overlap and create each fragment. The fragments are each cloned separately and the DNA sequence verified. Then, the four fragments are excised and assembled in pLITMUS 39 (New England Biolabs, Beverley, Mass.), which is a small, high copy number cloning plasmid. TABLE 2 Oligo name Size Sequence BoGUS A-1-80T 80 TCGACCCATGGTAGATCTGACTAGTCTGTACCCGATCAACAC CGAGACCCGTGGCCTCTTCGACCTCAATGGCGTCTGGA BoGUS A-121-200B 80 GGATTTCCTTGGTCACGCCAATGTCATTGTAACTGCTTGGGA CGGCCATACTAATAGTGTCGGTCAGCTTGCTTTCGTAC BoGUS A-161-240T 80 CCAAGCAGTTACAATGACATTGGCGTGACCAAGGAAATCCGC AACCATATCGGATATGTCTGGTACGAACGTGAGTTCAC BoGUS A-201-280B 80 GCGGAGCACGATACGCTGATCCTTCAGATAGGCCGGCACCGT GAACTCACGTTCGTACCAGACATATCCGATATGGTTGC BoGUS A-241-320T 80 GGTGCCGGCCTATCTGAAGGATCAGCGTATCGTGCTCCGCTT CGGCTCTGCAACTCACAAAGCAATTGTCTATGTCAATG BoGUS A-281-360B 80 AATGGCAGGAATCCGCCCTTGTGCTCCACGACCAGCTCACCA TTGACATAGACAATTGCTTTGTGAGTTGCAGAGCCGAA BoGUS A-321-400T 80 GTGAGCTGGTCGTGGAGCACAAGGGCGGATTCCTGCCATTCG AAGCGGAAATCAACAACTCGCTGCGTGATGGCATGAAT BoGUS A-361-460B 100 GTACAGCCCCACCGGTAGGGTGCTATCGTCGAGGATGTTGTC CACGGCGACGGTGACGCGATTCATGCCATCACGCAGCGAGTT GTTGATTTCCGCTTCG BoGUS A-401-456T 56 CGCGTCACCGTCGCCGTGGACAACATCCTCGACGATAGCACC CTACCGGTGGGGCT BoGUS A-41-120B 80 CACTTCTCTTCCAGTCCTTTCCCGTAGTCCAGCTTGAAGTTC CAGACGCCATTGAGGTCGAAGACGCCACGGGTCTCGGT BoGUS A-6-40B 35 TTGATCGGGTACAGACTAGTCAGATCTACCATGGG BoGUS A-81-160T 80 ACTTCAAGCTGGACTACGGGAAAGGACTGGAAGAGAAGTGGT ACGAAAGCAAGCTGACCGACACTATTAGTATGGCCGTC BoGUS B-1-80T 80 GTACAGCGAGCGCCACGAAGAGGGCCTCGGAAAAGTCATTCG TAACAAGCCGAACTTCGACTTCTTCAACTATGCAGGCC BoGUS B-121-200B 80 CTTTGCCTTGAAAGTCCACCGTATAGGTCACAGTCCCGGTTG GGCCATTGAAGTCGGTCACAACCGAGATGTCCTCGACG BoGUS B-161-240T 80 ACCGGGACTGTGACCTATACGGTGGACTTTCAAGGCAAAGCC GAGACCGTGAAAGTGTCGGTCGTGGATGACGAAGGCAA BoGUS B-201-280B 80 CTCCACGTTACCGCTCAGGCCCTCGGTGCTTGCGACCACTTT GCCTTCCTCATCCACGACCGACACTTTCACGGTCTCGG BoGUS B-241-320T 80 AGTGGTCGCAAGCACCGAGGGCCTGAGCGGTAACGTGGAGAT TCCGAATGTCATCCTCTGGGAACCACTGAACACGTATC BoGUS B-281-360B 80 GTCAGTCCGTCGTTCACCAGTTCCACTTTGATCTGGTAGAGA TACGTGTTCAGTGGTTCCCAGAGGATGACATTCGGAAT BoGUS B-321-400T 80 TCTACCAGATCAAAGTGGAACTGGTGAACGACGGACTGACCA TCGATGTCTATGAAGAGCCGTTCGGCGTGCGGACCGTG BoGUS B-361-440B 80 ACGGTTTGTTGTTGATGAGGAACTTGCCGTCGTTGACTTCCA CGGTCCGCACGCCGAACGGCTCTTCATAGACATCGATG BoGUS B-401-480T 80 GAAGTCAACGACGGCAAGTTCCTCATCAACAACAAACCGTTC TACTTCAAGGGCTTTGGCAAACATGAGGACACTCCTAT BoGUS B-41-120B 80 TACGTAAACGGGGTCGTGTAGATTTTCACCGGACGGTGCAGG CCTGCATAGTTGAAGAAGTCGAAGTTCGGCTTGTTACG BoGUS B-441-520B 80 ATCCATCACATTGCTCGCTTCGTTAAAGCCACGGCCGTTGAT AGGAGTGTCCTCATGTTTGCCAAAGCCCTTGAAGTAGA BoGUS B-481-555T 75 CAACGGCCGTGGCTTTAACGAAGCGAGCAATGTGATGGATTT CAATATCCTCAAATGGATCGGCGCCAACAGCTT BoGUS B-5-40B 36 AATGACTTTTCCGAGGCCCTCTTCGTGGCGCTCGCT BoGUS B-521-559B 39 CCGGAAGCTGTTGGCGCCGATCCATTTGAGGATATTGAA BoGUS B-81-160T 80 TGCACCGTCCGGTGAAAATCTACACGACCCCGTTTACGTACG TCGAGGACATCTCGGTTGTGACCGACTTCAATGGCCCA BoGUS C-1-80T 80 CCGGACCGCACACTATCCGTACTCTGAAGAGTTGATGCGTCT TGCGGATCGCGAGGGTCTGGTCGTGATCGACGAGACTC BoGUS C-121-200B 80 GTTCACGGAGAACGTCTTGATGGTGCTCAAACGTCCGAATCT TCTCCCAGGTACTGACGCGCTCGCTGCCTTCGCCGAGT BoGUS C-161-240T 80 ATTCGGACGTTTGAGCACCATCAAGACGTTCTCCGTGAACTG GTGTCTCGTGACAAGAACCATCCAAGCGTCGTGATGTG BoGUS C-201-280B 80 CGCGCCCTCTTCCTCAGTCGCCGCCTCGTTGGCGATGCTCCA CATCACGACGCTTGGATGGTTCTTGTCACGAGACACCA BoGUS C-241-320T 80 GAGCATCGCCAACGAGGCGGCGACTGAGGAAGAGGGCGCGTA CGAGTACTTCAAGCCGTTGGTGGAGCTGACCAAGGAAC BoGUS C-281-360B 80 ACAAACAGCACGATCGTGACCGGACGCTTCTGTGOGTCGAGT TCCTTGGTCAGCTCCACCAACGGCTTGAAGTACTCGTA BoGUS C-321-400T 80 TCGACCCACAGAAGCGTCCGGTCACGATCGTGCTGTTTGTGA TGGCTACCCCGGAGACGGACAAAGTCGCCGAACTGATT BoGUS C-361-440B 80 CGAAGTACCATCCGTTATAGCGATTGAGCGCGATGACGTCAA TCAGTTCGGCGACTTTGTCCGTCTCCGGGGTAGCCATC BoGUS C-401-489T 89 GACGTCATCGCGCTCAATCGCTATAACGGATGGTACTTCGAT GGCGGTGATCTCGAAGCGGCCAAAGTCCATCTCCGCCAGGAA TTTCA BoGUS C-41-120B 80 CCCGTGGTGGCCATGAAGTTGAGGTGCACGCCAACTGCCGGA GTCTCGTCGATCACGACCAGACCCTCGCGATCCGCAAG BoGUS C-441-493B 53 CGCGTGAAATTCCTGGCGGAGATGGACTTTGGCCGCTTCGAG ATCACCGCCAT BoGUS C-5-40B 36 ACGCATCAACTCTTCAGAGTACGGATAGTGTGCGGT BoGUS C-81-160T 80 CGGCAGTTGGCGTGCACCTCAACTTCATGGCCACCACGGGAC TCGGCGAAGGCAGCGAGCGCGTCAGTACCTGGGAGAAG BoGUS D-1-80T 80 CGCGTGGAACAAGCGTTGCCCAGGAAAGCCGATCATGATCAC TGAGTACGGCGCAGACACCGTTGCGGGCTTTCACGACA BoGUS D-121-200B 80 TCGCGAAGTCCGCGAAGTTCCACGCTTGCTCACCCACGAAGT TCTCAAACTCATCGAACACGACGTGGTTCGCCTGGTAG BoGUS D-161-240T 80 TTCGTGGGTGAGCAAGCGTGGAACTTCGCGGACTTCGCGACC TCTCAGGGCGTGATGCGCGTCCAAGGAAACAAGAAGGG BoGUS D-201-280B 80 GTGCGCGGCGAGCTTCGGCTTGCGGTCACGAGTGAACACGCC CTTCTTGTTTCCTTGGACGCGCATCACGCCCTGAGAGG BoGUS D-241-320T 80 CGTGTTCACTCGTGACCGCAAGCCGAAGCTCGCCGCGCACGT CTTTCGCGAGCGCTGGACCAACATTCCAGATTTCGGCT BoGUS D-281-369B 89 CGGTCACCAATTCACACGTGATGGTGATGGTGATGGCTAGCG TTCTTGTAGCCGAAATCTGGAATGTTGGTCCAGCGCTCGCGA AAGAC BoGUS D-321-373T 53 ACAAGAACGCTAGCCATCACCATCACCATCACGTGTGAATTG GTGACCGGGCC BoGUS D-41-120B 80 TACTCGACTTGATATTCCTCGGTGAACATCACTGGATCAATG TCGTGAAAGCCCGCAACGGTGTCTGCGCCGTACTCAGT BoGUS D-5-40B 36 GATCATGATCGGCTTTCCTGGGCAACGCTTGTTCCA BoGUS D-81-160T 80 TTGATCCAGTGATGTTCACCGAGGAATATCAAGTCGAGTACT ACCAGGCGAACCACGTCGTGTTCGATGAGTTTGAGAAC

[0120] The GUS insert from pLITMUS 39 is excised and cloned into the backbone of pLAD-F48, a modular cloning vector derived from pTTQ18 (Amersham). pLAD-F48 (FIG. 15) has a lac UV5/ trp hybrid promoter, a Shine-Dalgarno sequence from lac, and a terminator from rrnB.

[0121] The AI form of microbial GUS in pLITMUS 39 is transfected into KW1 host E. coli cells. Bacterial cells are collected by centrifugation and resuspended in buffer (20 mM NaPO₄, pH 7.0, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.5 μg/ml leupeptin, 1 μg/ml aprotinin, 0.7 μg/ml pepstatin). This mixture is evenly suspended via a Polytron homogenizer, and the cells are broken open by agitation with glass beads or passage through a microfluidizer. For hexa-His fusion proteins, the lysate is clarified by centrifugation at 50,000 rpm for 45 min and batch absorbed on a Ni-IDA-Sepharose column. The matrix is poured into a column and washed with buffer, typically either 50 mM Tris pH 7.6, 1 mM DTT; 50 mM MES pH 7.0, or IMAC buffer (for hexa-his fusions). The β-glucuronidase protein bound to the matrix is eluted in NaCl-containing buffer.

[0122] If GUS is cloned without the HexaHis tail, the lysate is centrifuged at 50,000 rpm for 45 min, and diluted with 20 mM NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 (buffer A). The diluted supernatant is then loaded onto a SP-Sepharose or equivalent column, and a linear gradient of 0 to 30% SP Buffer B (1 M NaCl, 20 mM NaPO₄, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0) Buffer A with a total of 6 column volumes is applied. Fractions containing GUS are combined. Further purifications can be performed.

Example 4 Muteins of Codon Optimized β-glucuronidase

[0123] Muteins of the codon-optimized GUS genes are constructed. Each of the four GUS genes described above, A0, AI, AII, and AIII, contain none, one, or four amino acid alterations. The muteins that contain one alteration have a Leu 141 to His codon change. The muteins that contain four alterations have the Leu141 to His change as well as Val138 to Ala, Tyr204 to Asp, and Thr560 to Ala changes. pLITMUS 39 containing these 12 muteins are transfected into KW1. Colonies are tested for secretion of the introduced GUS gene by staining with X-glcA. A white colony indicates undetectable GUS activity, a light blue colony indicates some detectable activity, and a dark blue colony indicates a higher level of detectable activity. As shown in the Table below, when GUS has the four mutations, no GUS activity is detectable. When GUS has a single Leu 141 to His mutation, three of the four constructs exhibit no GUS activity, while the Al construct exhibits a low level of GUS activity. All constructs exhibit GUS activity when no mutations are present. Thus, the Leu 141 to His mutation dramatically affects the activity of GUS. Number of GUS construct Mutations A0 AI AII AIII 4 white white white white 1 white light blue white white 0 light blue dark blue light blue light blue

Example 5 Expression of Microbial β-glucuronidases IN Yeast, Plants and E. coli

[0124] A series of expression vector constructs of three different GUS genes, EcGUS, Bacillus GUS, and the A0 version of codon-optimized Bacillus GUS, are prepared and tested for enzymatic activity in E. coli, yeast, and plants (rice, Millin variety, and Arabidopsis). The GUS genes are cloned in vectors that either contain a signal peptide suitable for the host or do not contain a signal peptide. The E. coli vector contains a sequence encoding a peIB signal peptide, the yeast vectors contain a sequence encoding either an invertase or Mat alpha signal peptide, and the plant vectors contain a sequence encoding either a glycine-rich protein (GRP) or extensin signal peptide.

[0125] Invertase Signal Sequence: ATGCTTTTGC AAGCCTTCCT TTTCCTTTTG GCTGGTTTTG CAGCCAAAAT ATCTGCAATG

[0126] Mat Alpha Signal Sequence: ATGAGATTTC CTTCAATTTT TACTGCAGTT TTATTCGCAG CATCCTCCGC ATTAGCTGCT CCAGTCAACA CTACAACAGA AGATGAAACG GCACAAATTC CGGCTGAAGC TGTCATCGGT TACTTAGATT TAGAAGGGGA TTTCGATGTT GCTGTTTTGC CATTTTCCAA CAGCACAAAT AACGGGTTAT TGTTTATAAA TACTACTATT GCCAGCATTG CTGCTAAAGA AGAAGGGGTA TCTTTGGATA AAAGAGAG

[0127] Extensin Signal Sequence CATGGGAAAA ATGGCTTCTC TATTTGCCAC ATTTTTAGTG GTTTTAGTGT CACTTAGCTT AGCTTCTGAA AGCTCAGCAA ATTATCAA

[0128] GRP Signal Sequence CATGGCTACT ACTAAGCATT TGGCTCTTGC CATCCTTGTC CTCCTTAGCA TTGGTATGAC CACCAGTGCA AGAACCCTCC TA

[0129] The GUS genes are cloned into each of these vectors using standard recombinant techniques of isolation of a GUS-gene containing fragment and ligation into an appropriately restricted vector. The recombinant vectors are then transfected into the appropriate host and transfectants are tested for GUS activity.

[0130] As shown in the Table below, all tested transfectants exhibited GUS activity (indicated by a+). Moreover, similar results are obtained regardless of the presence or absence of a signal peptide. E. coli Yeast Plants GUS No SP* pelB No SP Invertase Mat α No SP GRP Extensin EcGUS + NT + + + + NT NT AI GUS + NT + + + NT NT NT Bacillus GUS + NT + + + + + +

Example 6 Expression of Low-cysteine E. coli β-glucuronidase

[0131] The E. coli GUS protein has nine cysteine residues, whereas, human GUS has four and Bacillus GUS has one. Low-cysteine muteins of E. coli GUS are constructed to provide a form of EcGUS that is secretable.

[0132] Single and multiple Cys muteins are constructed by site-directed mutagenesis techniques. Eight of the nine cysteine residues in EcGUS are changed to the corresponding residue found in human GUS based on alignment of the two protein sequences. One of the EcGUS cysteine residues, amino acid 463, aligns with a cysteine residue in human GUS and was not altered. The corresponding amino acids between EcGUS and human GUS are shown below. Human GUS corresponding Identifier EcGUS Cys residue no. amino acid A  28 Asn B 133 Ala C 197 Ser D 253 Glu E 262 Ser F 442 Phe G 448 Tyr H 463 Cys I 527 Lys

[0133] The mutein GUS genes are cloned into a pBS backbone. The mutations are confirmed by diagnostic restriction site changes and by DNA sequence analysis. Recombinant vectors are transfected into KW1 and GUS activity assayed by staining with X-glcA (5-bromo, 4-chloro, 3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide).

[0134] As shown in the Table below, when the Cys residues at 443 (F), 449 (G), and 528 (I) are altered, GUS activity is greatly or completely diminished. In contrast, when the N-terminal five Cys residues (A, B, C, D, and E) are altered, GUS activity remains detectable. Cys changes GUS activity A yes B yes C yes I no D, E yes F, G no C, D, E yes B, C, D, E yes A, B, C, D, E yes A, B, C, D, E, I no

[0135] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.

1 71 1 6029 DNA Bacillus sp. 1 aagcttgagc ggtcatatct gccccaccca cgctcgcgtc ccaatttatt catgacttgc 60 tgggtaggcg ggaaaaactt ttcggccgct gcttcagtac tctccgcaat gaaaccatgg 120 gaatgggaag caaccggcaa ctttgacacg tcatgacctg catgagcggc tgccttttta 180 tagagcctca caagtggctc aaactgcagt gggcggcccc caataatggc tagaactagt 240 ggcaagccaa gcaggccagc acggatgacg gaatcctgac tgccgccact gccaatccaa 300 acaggtaaag gatcctgaac aggtcttggg tacacaccga gattctggat ggccggccga 360 tgtccgcctt tccagttcac cttctcggac tcccgtattt ttaacaaaag ctccagtttc 420 tcatcgaata attcatcata gtcttttaaa tcatagccaa acagcggaaa ggattcgata 480 aaggagcctc gccctgccat aatctctgca cgtccattcg atatggcatc gagggtagca 540 aaatcctgaa atactcggac tggatcagca gaagatagaa ccgtcaccgc acttgttaaa 600 cgaatccgtt ttgtctgcca agcagcggca gccaatagaa ctgctggaga tgatgccgca 660 aaatcttcgc gatgatgctc accaacacca aagacatcca gcaatacctc gtctgcgagt 720 acaatttcct caaccacttc ccgaatccgt tgggaatgac tcatcacttc accggtttca 780 acatccggtg ttgtctctac gaacgtgctt atacctattt ccacaatcat tacctcctat 840 gtataatcgt ttgctcttgt gccaaagcta tatgaatttc ttattattgc tgactttttc 900 accatatata taaatgaaag aatatttcaa acgttattat cttatatttt cctatttatt 960 tcaaaaaaat tgtttaacta gcgaaagtag gactaccata caaaatgccc atgttgaaca 1020 aaacaaagca ttttttccgc cgttgtttca tacataagaa aggtgcatga ttaagaaatt 1080 ctataaaggc gcaccgagga ggacaatgat gattcaacaa accgttatga ttaacagaga 1140 agcaggttta tatgctcagc cagtcaatca attagtgcaa acagcttcac aattcaatgc 1200 tgatatcttt ctttcataca aaggacgaaa ggttagtgtg aaatcggtac tcggcgtttt 1260 atcgttagcg atacctaaac aggccgaaat tatcttagaa gtttccggag atgatgaaaa 1320 agaagcactc aaaggggtta tcaatgcgtt ggagaaatta gactagggtt ttcccttttt 1380 aatagggaat caccttgaca ttgaaaaagt ataagaaaat gaaaatagga aaaaccaatg 1440 acttaagggg agtctctatt ggaaagagac tccccttatt caacattaga acgaaattag 1500 agcctttact tttctttcaa cttttcatcc cgatactttt ttgtaatagt ttttttcatt 1560 aataatacaa gtcctgattt tgcaagaata atccttttta gataaaaata tctatgctaa 1620 taataacatg taaccactta catttaaaaa ggagtgctat catgttatat ccaatcaata 1680 cagaaacccg aggagttttt gatttaaatg gggtctggaa ttttaaatta gattacggca 1740 aaggactgga agaaaagtgg tatgaatcaa aactgacaga taccatatca atggctgtac 1800 cttcctccta taatgatatc ggtgttacga aggaaattcg aaaccatatc ggctatgtat 1860 ggtacgagcg tgaatttacc gttcctgctt atttaaaaga tcagcgcatc gtcctgcgtt 1920 ttggttcagc aacacataag gctattgtat acgttaacgg agaactagta gttgaacaca 1980 aaggcggctt cttaccgttt gaggcagaaa taaacaacag cttaagagac ggaatgaatc 2040 gtgtaacagt agcggttgat aatattttag atgattctac gctcccagtt gggctatata 2100 gtgaaagaca tgaagaaggt ttgggaaaag tgattcgtaa taaacctaat tttgacttct 2160 ttaactatgc aggcttacat cgtcctgtaa aaatttatac aacccctttt acctatgttg 2220 aggatatatc ggttgtaacc gattttaacg gtccaacggg aacagttacg tatacagttg 2280 attttcaggg taaggcagaa accgtaaagg ttagtgtagt tgatgaagaa gggaaagttg 2340 ttgcttcaac tgaaggcctc tctggtaatg ttgagattcc taacgttatc ctttgggaac 2400 ctttaaatac ctatctctat caaattaaag ttgagttagt aaatgatggt ctaactattg 2460 atgtatacga agagccattt ggagttcgaa ccgttgaagt aaacgacggg aaattcctca 2520 ttaataacaa accattttat tttaaagggt tcggaaaaca cgaggatact ccaataaatg 2580 gaagaggctt taatgaagca tcaaatgtaa tggattttaa tattttgaaa tggatcggtg 2640 cgaattcctt tcggacggcg cactatcctt attctgaaga actgatgcgg ctcgcagatc 2700 gtgaagggtt agtcgtcata gatgaaaccc cagcagttgg tgttcatttg aactttatgg 2760 caacgactgg tttgggcgaa ggttcagaga gagtgagtac ttgggaaaaa atccggacct 2820 ttgaacatca tcaagatgta ctgagagagc tggtttctcg tgataaaaac cacccctctg 2880 ttgtcatgtg gtcgattgca aatgaagcgg ctacggaaga agaaggcgct tatgaatact 2940 ttaagccatt agttgaatta acgaaagaat tagatccaca aaaacgccca gttaccattg 3000 ttttgttcgt aatggcgaca ccagaaacag ataaagtggc ggagttaatt gatgtgattg 3060 cattgaatcg atacaacggc tggtattttg atgggggtga tcttgaagcc gcgaaagtcc 3120 accttcgtca ggaatttcat gcgtggaata aacgctgtcc aggaaaacct ataatgataa 3180 cagagtatgg ggctgatacc gtagctggtt ttcatgatat tgatccggtt atgtttacag 3240 aagagtatca ggttgaatat taccaagcaa atcatgtagt atttgatgaa tttgagaact 3300 ttgttggcga gcaggcctgg aattttgcag actttgctac aagccagggt gtcatgcgtg 3360 ttcaaggtaa caaaaaaggt gttttcacac gcgaccgcaa accaaaatta gcagcacatg 3420 ttttccgcga acgttggaca aacatcccgg atttcggtta taaaaattaa taaaaagctg 3480 gttctccaat aggaggccag cttttttaca tggatacaat ggttgtaaat taaaaaccct 3540 cttcattttt tatataaaaa tgaagagggt tttaattttt taaatgttat tacatttttt 3600 ctaagcccac tcatacaata tgggactttg gatagcatgg gaaacagctt ttttagactg 3660 tagttttcca gtcagctgca aatttttcaa ttccttggtc tgttaaagga tgttttgata 3720 attgctcaat taccttgaat ggaatcgttg caatatgagc tccagccatc gccacacgtg 3780 taacatgatc tggatgacga acagatgcag caatgatttg tgaatccaag ttttgaatct 3840 ggaacatctt agcaattttt gcgactaatt ctacaccatc ttcgttaata tcatctaacc 3900 tgcctaagaa tggtgaaaca taagttgcac ctgctcgtgc tgccagcaat gcctggttaa 3960 cactaaaaat caaagtaacg ttggttttta cacctttttt cgttagataa cggcaagcct 4020 ctagtccatc taacgtcatc ggaagtttaa ttgtaatatt tttatcgccg ccgttaattt 4080 taatgagctc atttgcttca gcaatcattt gatcagctgt caaagcatta ggtgttactt 4140 cggcagaaac agactcaacc tcgggtacgg cattaaggat ttcagcaata cggtcctcaa 4200 atttcacgcc ctctttagct actaaagaag ggttcgttgt tactcctgat aacacgccaa 4260 ttttataggc ttttttgatt tcctctaggt tggcagtatc gataaaaaat ttcataatgt 4320 ttttcctcca atttttagta aagtaatttt tcgtttctaa agcatgtccc caacggaaat 4380 taggttattg aatataatat aggttacttt ccgttaccat aatataacta tccgacaata 4440 atcgtcaagt aaaatgtctt gaattaaaga tatttatttt tttcaaaaga tactatttac 4500 tttactttat tgataagaat tcacgcatcc taactaggat ggcgtgaatt aactttcctt 4560 attcgacaac tccatctcgt tattgtgagg gagtacttcc tgtttctttt ttaaatactc 4620 ttgcaaagta ggagggatca tcatagccaa tcgtccaggc gatttcctct acggataaat 4680 tctctgtttt taaaaggtgc ttggcttgct tcattcgtaa tatttgctga aaagcggtta 4740 aggtcatctt tgtttcgtct ttaaattttc gggaaagatg acttggatgg gtagacaatt 4800 gtgctgccaa ttcttcttta ttgatttgct tattataaaa acttagcagg tgttcaatca 4860 ccctttgggt catgtttgta tagctactta atgaattgga aatgattaaa tcgcaatatt 4920 cctcaatcat acaatcttct aattgatgca gtacttctag ttgattagca ttttcgattt 4980 cgtaagcata tttttccgaa attcgatgaa taatgatggc aggtacttgg ctgtttcttg 5040 ctgacgtacg gagaagtatt taatataatc gctacatttt ttagtctgcg caacggctga 5100 ttgggaaatc gttcctaaaa agaaaacagc atatttttag aattaatgag ctgtaatgcc 5160 atttttttat ctccacgctc aacggcatgc atgaaatctt ttcagtcttg taccttaatt 5220 tgactagttc cgcttcttca tccacgttaa gatgattcac tttattgtga ataggacggt 5280 tgtttttatc agaaacaatg acaaacgggg taatctcttc ctccaacatg tgtggaaact 5340 gctgaaggat gcttgcataa ctgctggcct gttcagcggt tagtacataa attttatcgc 5400 ttataagcat taaatcttca ctttgtggac ttgtgagacg atattccttt gataaactgt 5460 atagattcgg tgtcttatca aaatatggtc cgatgataat ggtgtaggct gcctgctttt 5520 gggtgaagga atatccgaaa tagtgtaagt cccattcgtt tatataagaa tataattggt 5580 cctgatgctt cattttttcg aacaaattca gtggatcttc tttctctgaa cctggcataa 5640 atagcgggat tgcaatgatt tcatgatggt acacaaactc cccattttga tctaaaacat 5700 atgtatttaa attggttata tggtggattt tcatagtggt tgagatgatt tttggttgtt 5760 ccatctgatt cctccaattg aactttaaac cataattaaa ttcattttat cctgatattg 5820 ttaaataaat cctaaagaga atcaattgag ttcattatac tagtatcata ttcgcgcttt 5880 caattttaaa ataatgcctt tgttaaactt ggctgttgat ttccgctcca ggtgagtgcg 5940 gttcgcgggc ggtccgggga gcctcctcgg cgctaagcgc ctgtggggtg tcccctgccc 6000 cgtcctcccg caggacattg agtaagctt 6029 2 602 PRT Bacillus sp. 2 Met Leu Tyr Pro Ile Asn Thr Glu Thr Arg Gly Val Phe Asp Leu Asn 1 5 10 15 Gly Val Trp Asn Phe Lys Leu Asp Tyr Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Lys 20 25 30 Trp Tyr Glu Ser Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Ile Ser Met Ala Val Pro Ser 35 40 45 Ser Tyr Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Thr Lys Glu Ile Arg Asn His Ile Gly 50 55 60 Tyr Val Trp Tyr Glu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Pro Ala Tyr Leu Lys Asp 65 70 75 80 Gln Arg Ile Val Leu Arg Phe Gly Ser Ala Thr His Lys Ala Ile Val 85 90 95 Tyr Val Asn Gly Glu Leu Val Val Glu His Lys Gly Gly Phe Leu Pro 100 105 110 Phe Glu Ala Glu Ile Asn Asn Ser Leu Arg Asp Gly Met Asn Arg Val 115 120 125 Thr Val Ala Val Asp Asn Ile Leu Asp Asp Ser Thr Leu Pro Val Gly 130 135 140 Leu Tyr Ser Glu Arg His Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Lys Val Ile Arg Asn 145 150 155 160 Lys Pro Asn Phe Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala Gly Leu His Arg Pro Val 165 170 175 Lys Ile Tyr Thr Thr Pro Phe Thr Tyr Val Glu Asp Ile Ser Val Val 180 185 190 Thr Asp Phe Asn Gly Pro Thr Gly Thr Val Thr Tyr Thr Val Asp Phe 195 200 205 Gln Gly Lys Ala Glu Thr Val Lys Val Ser Val Val Asp Glu Glu Gly 210 215 220 Lys Val Val Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu Ser Gly Asn Val Glu Ile Pro 225 230 235 240 Asn Val Ile Leu Trp Glu Pro Leu Asn Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Ile Lys 245 250 255 Val Glu Leu Val Asn Asp Gly Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Tyr Glu Glu Pro 260 265 270 Phe Gly Val Arg Thr Val Glu Val Asn Asp Gly Lys Phe Leu Ile Asn 275 280 285 Asn Lys Pro Phe Tyr Phe Lys Gly Phe Gly Lys His Glu Asp Thr Pro 290 295 300 Ile Asn Gly Arg Gly Phe Asn Glu Ala Ser Asn Val Met Asp Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 Ile Leu Lys Trp Ile Gly Ala Asn Ser Phe Arg Thr Ala His Tyr Pro 325 330 335 Tyr Ser Glu Glu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Asp Arg Glu Gly Leu Val Val 340 345 350 Ile Asp Glu Thr Pro Ala Val Gly Val His Leu Asn Phe Met Ala Thr 355 360 365 Thr Gly Leu Gly Glu Gly Ser Glu Arg Val Ser Thr Trp Glu Lys Ile 370 375 380 Arg Thr Phe Glu His His Gln Asp Val Leu Arg Glu Leu Val Ser Arg 385 390 395 400 Asp Lys Asn His Pro Ser Val Val Met Trp Ser Ile Ala Asn Glu Ala 405 410 415 Ala Thr Glu Glu Glu Gly Ala Tyr Glu Tyr Phe Lys Pro Leu Val Glu 420 425 430 Leu Thr Lys Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Lys Arg Pro Val Thr Ile Val Leu 435 440 445 Phe Val Met Ala Thr Pro Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Ala Glu Leu Ile Asp 450 455 460 Val Ile Ala Leu Asn Arg Tyr Asn Gly Trp Tyr Phe Asp Gly Gly Asp 465 470 475 480 Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Val His Leu Arg Gln Glu Phe His Ala Trp Asn 485 490 495 Lys Arg Cys Pro Gly Lys Pro Ile Met Ile Thr Glu Tyr Gly Ala Asp 500 505 510 Thr Val Ala Gly Phe His Asp Ile Asp Pro Val Met Phe Thr Glu Glu 515 520 525 Tyr Gln Val Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Ala Asn His Val Val Phe Asp Glu Phe 530 535 540 Glu Asn Phe Val Gly Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Phe Ala Asp Phe Ala Thr 545 550 555 560 Ser Gln Gly Val Met Arg Val Gln Gly Asn Lys Lys Gly Val Phe Thr 565 570 575 Arg Asp Arg Lys Pro Lys Leu Ala Ala His Val Phe Arg Glu Arg Trp 580 585 590 Thr Asn Ile Pro Asp Phe Gly Tyr Lys Asn 595 600 3 1854 DNA Bacillus sp. CDS (1)..(1854) 3 atg cta ata ata aca tgt aac cac tta cat tta aaa agg agt gct atc 48 Met Leu Ile Ile Thr Cys Asn His Leu His Leu Lys Arg Ser Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 atg tta tat cca atc aat aca gaa acc cga gga gtt ttt gat tta aat 96 Met Leu Tyr Pro Ile Asn Thr Glu Thr Arg Gly Val Phe Asp Leu Asn 20 25 30 ggg gtc tgg aat ttt aaa tta gat tac ggc aaa gga ctg gaa gaa aag 144 Gly Val Trp Asn Phe Lys Leu Asp Tyr Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Lys 35 40 45 tgg tat gaa tca aaa ctg aca gat acc ata tca atg gct gta cct tcc 192 Trp Tyr Glu Ser Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Ile Ser Met Ala Val Pro Ser 50 55 60 tcc tat aat gat atc ggt gtt acg aag gaa att cga aac cat atc ggc 240 Ser Tyr Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Thr Lys Glu Ile Arg Asn His Ile Gly 65 70 75 80 tat gta tgg tac gag cgt gaa ttt acc gtt cct gct tat tta aaa gat 288 Tyr Val Trp Tyr Glu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Pro Ala Tyr Leu Lys Asp 85 90 95 cag cgc atc gtc ctg cgt ttt ggt tca gca aca cat aag gct att gta 336 Gln Arg Ile Val Leu Arg Phe Gly Ser Ala Thr His Lys Ala Ile Val 100 105 110 tac gtt aac gga gaa cta gta gtt gaa cac aaa ggc ggc ttc tta ccg 384 Tyr Val Asn Gly Glu Leu Val Val Glu His Lys Gly Gly Phe Leu Pro 115 120 125 ttt gag gca gaa ata aac aac agc tta aga gac gga atg aat cgt gta 432 Phe Glu Ala Glu Ile Asn Asn Ser Leu Arg Asp Gly Met Asn Arg Val 130 135 140 aca gta gcg gtt gat aat att tta gat gat tct acg ctc cca gtt ggg 480 Thr Val Ala Val Asp Asn Ile Leu Asp Asp Ser Thr Leu Pro Val Gly 145 150 155 160 cta tat agt gaa aga cat gaa gaa ggt ttg gga aaa gtg att cgt aat 528 Leu Tyr Ser Glu Arg His Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Lys Val Ile Arg Asn 165 170 175 aaa cct aat ttt gac ttc ttt aac tat gca ggc tta cat cgt cct gta 576 Lys Pro Asn Phe Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala Gly Leu His Arg Pro Val 180 185 190 aaa att tat aca acc cct ttt acc tat gtt gag gat ata tcg gtt gta 624 Lys Ile Tyr Thr Thr Pro Phe Thr Tyr Val Glu Asp Ile Ser Val Val 195 200 205 acc gat ttt aac ggt cca acg gga aca gtt acg tat aca gtt gat ttt 672 Thr Asp Phe Asn Gly Pro Thr Gly Thr Val Thr Tyr Thr Val Asp Phe 210 215 220 cag ggt aag gca gaa acc gta aag gtt agt gta gtt gat gaa gaa ggg 720 Gln Gly Lys Ala Glu Thr Val Lys Val Ser Val Val Asp Glu Glu Gly 225 230 235 240 aaa gtt gtt gct tca act gaa ggc ctc tct ggt aat gtt gag att cct 768 Lys Val Val Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu Ser Gly Asn Val Glu Ile Pro 245 250 255 aac gtt atc ctt tgg gaa cct tta aat acc tat ctc tat caa att aaa 816 Asn Val Ile Leu Trp Glu Pro Leu Asn Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Ile Lys 260 265 270 gtt gag tta gta aat gat ggt cta act att gat gta tac gaa gag cca 864 Val Glu Leu Val Asn Asp Gly Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Tyr Glu Glu Pro 275 280 285 ttt gga gtt cga acc gtt gaa gta aac gac ggg aaa ttc ctc att aat 912 Phe Gly Val Arg Thr Val Glu Val Asn Asp Gly Lys Phe Leu Ile Asn 290 295 300 aac aaa cca ttt tat ttt aaa ggg ttc gga aaa cac gag gat act cca 960 Asn Lys Pro Phe Tyr Phe Lys Gly Phe Gly Lys His Glu Asp Thr Pro 305 310 315 320 ata aat gga aga ggc ttt aat gaa gca tca aat gta atg gat ttt aat 1008 Ile Asn Gly Arg Gly Phe Asn Glu Ala Ser Asn Val Met Asp Phe Asn 325 330 335 att ttg aaa tgg atc ggt gcg aat tcc ttt cgg acg gcg cac tat cct 1056 Ile Leu Lys Trp Ile Gly Ala Asn Ser Phe Arg Thr Ala His Tyr Pro 340 345 350 tat tct gaa gaa ctg atg cgg ctc gca gat cgt gaa ggg tta gtc gtc 1104 Tyr Ser Glu Glu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Asp Arg Glu Gly Leu Val Val 355 360 365 ata gat gaa acc cca gca gtt ggt gtt cat ttg aac ttt atg gca acg 1152 Ile Asp Glu Thr Pro Ala Val Gly Val His Leu Asn Phe Met Ala Thr 370 375 380 act ggt ttg ggc gaa ggt tca gag aga gtg agt act tgg gaa aaa atc 1200 Thr Gly Leu Gly Glu Gly Ser Glu Arg Val Ser Thr Trp Glu Lys Ile 385 390 395 400 cgg acc ttt gaa cat cat caa gat gta ctg aga gag ctg gtt tct cgt 1248 Arg Thr Phe Glu His His Gln Asp Val Leu Arg Glu Leu Val Ser Arg 405 410 415 gat aaa aac cac ccc tct gtt gtc atg tgg tcg att gca aat gaa gcg 1296 Asp Lys Asn His Pro Ser Val Val Met Trp Ser Ile Ala Asn Glu Ala 420 425 430 gct acg gaa gaa gaa ggc gct tat gaa tac ttt aag cca tta gtt gaa 1344 Ala Thr Glu Glu Glu Gly Ala Tyr Glu Tyr Phe Lys Pro Leu Val Glu 435 440 445 tta acg aaa gaa tta gat cca caa aaa cgc cca gtt acc att gtt ttg 1392 Leu Thr Lys Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Lys Arg Pro Val Thr Ile Val Leu 450 455 460 ttc gta atg gcg aca cca gaa aca gat aaa gtg gcg gag tta att gat 1440 Phe Val Met Ala Thr Pro Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Ala Glu Leu Ile Asp 465 470 475 480 gtg att gca ttg aat cga tac aac ggc tgg tat ttt gat ggg ggt gat 1488 Val Ile Ala Leu Asn Arg Tyr Asn Gly Trp Tyr Phe Asp Gly Gly Asp 485 490 495 ctt gaa gcc gcg aaa gtc cac ctt cgt cag gaa ttt cat gcg tgg aat 1536 Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Val His Leu Arg Gln Glu Phe His Ala Trp Asn 500 505 510 aaa cgc tgt cca gga aaa cct ata atg ata aca gag tat ggg gct gat 1584 Lys Arg Cys Pro Gly Lys Pro Ile Met Ile Thr Glu Tyr Gly Ala Asp 515 520 525 acc gta gct ggt ttt cat gat att gat ccg gtt atg ttt aca gaa gag 1632 Thr Val Ala Gly Phe His Asp Ile Asp Pro Val Met Phe Thr Glu Glu 530 535 540 tat cag gtt gaa tat tac caa gca aat cat gta gta ttt gat gaa ttt 1680 Tyr Gln Val Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Ala Asn His Val Val Phe Asp Glu Phe 545 550 555 560 gag aac ttt gtt ggc gag cag gcc tgg aat ttt gca gac ttt gct aca 1728 Glu Asn Phe Val Gly Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Phe Ala Asp Phe Ala Thr 565 570 575 agc cag ggt gtc atg cgt gtt caa ggt aac aaa aaa ggt gtt ttc aca 1776 Ser Gln Gly Val Met Arg Val Gln Gly Asn Lys Lys Gly Val Phe Thr 580 585 590 cgc gac cgc aaa cca aaa tta gca gca cat gtt ttc cgc gaa cgt tgg 1824 Arg Asp Arg Lys Pro Lys Leu Ala Ala His Val Phe Arg Glu Arg Trp 595 600 605 aca aac atc ccg gat ttc ggt tat aaa aat 1854 Thr Asn Ile Pro Asp Phe Gly Tyr Lys Asn 610 615 4 618 PRT Bacillus sp. 4 Met Leu Ile Ile Thr Cys Asn His Leu His Leu Lys Arg Ser Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 Met Leu Tyr Pro Ile Asn Thr Glu Thr Arg Gly Val Phe Asp Leu Asn 20 25 30 Gly Val Trp Asn Phe Lys Leu Asp Tyr Gly Lys Gly Leu Glu Glu Lys 35 40 45 Trp Tyr Glu Ser Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Ile Ser Met Ala Val Pro Ser 50 55 60 Ser Tyr Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Thr Lys Glu Ile Arg Asn His Ile Gly 65 70 75 80 Tyr Val Trp Tyr Glu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Pro Ala Tyr Leu Lys Asp 85 90 95 Gln Arg Ile Val Leu Arg Phe Gly Ser Ala Thr His Lys Ala Ile Val 100 105 110 Tyr Val Asn Gly Glu Leu Val Val Glu His Lys Gly Gly Phe Leu Pro 115 120 125 Phe Glu Ala Glu Ile Asn Asn Ser Leu Arg Asp Gly Met Asn Arg Val 130 135 140 Thr Val Ala Val Asp Asn Ile Leu Asp Asp Ser Thr Leu Pro Val Gly 145 150 155 160 Leu Tyr Ser Glu Arg His Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly Lys Val Ile Arg Asn 165 170 175 Lys Pro Asn Phe Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala Gly Leu His Arg Pro Val 180 185 190 Lys Ile Tyr Thr Thr Pro Phe Thr Tyr Val Glu Asp Ile Ser Val Val 195 200 205 Thr Asp Phe Asn Gly Pro Thr Gly Thr Val Thr Tyr Thr Val Asp Phe 210 215 220 Gln Gly Lys Ala Glu Thr Val Lys Val Ser Val Val Asp Glu Glu Gly 225 230 235 240 Lys Val Val Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu Ser Gly Asn Val Glu Ile Pro 245 250 255 Asn Val Ile Leu Trp Glu Pro Leu Asn Thr Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Ile Lys 260 265 270 Val Glu Leu Val Asn Asp Gly Leu Thr Ile Asp Val Tyr Glu Glu Pro 275 280 285 Phe Gly Val Arg Thr Val Glu Val Asn Asp Gly Lys Phe Leu Ile Asn 290 295 300 Asn Lys Pro Phe Tyr Phe Lys Gly Phe Gly Lys His Glu Asp Thr Pro 305 310 315 320 Ile Asn Gly Arg Gly Phe Asn Glu Ala Ser Asn Val Met Asp Phe Asn 325 330 335 Ile Leu Lys Trp Ile Gly Ala Asn Ser Phe Arg Thr Ala His Tyr Pro 340 345 350 Tyr Ser Glu Glu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Asp Arg Glu Gly Leu Val Val 355 360 365 Ile Asp Glu Thr Pro Ala Val Gly Val His Leu Asn Phe Met Ala Thr 370 375 380 Thr Gly Leu Gly Glu Gly Ser Glu Arg Val Ser Thr Trp Glu Lys Ile 385 390 395 400 Arg Thr Phe Glu His His Gln Asp Val Leu Arg Glu Leu Val Ser Arg 405 410 415 Asp Lys Asn His Pro Ser Val Val Met Trp Ser Ile Ala Asn Glu Ala 420 425 430 Ala Thr Glu Glu Glu Gly Ala Tyr Glu Tyr Phe Lys Pro Leu Val Glu 435 440 445 Leu Thr Lys Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Lys Arg Pro Val Thr Ile Val Leu 450 455 460 Phe Val Met Ala Thr Pro Glu Thr Asp Lys Val Ala Glu Leu Ile Asp 465 470 475 480 Val Ile Ala Leu Asn Arg Tyr Asn Gly Trp Tyr Phe Asp Gly Gly Asp 485 490 495 Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Val His Leu Arg Gln Glu Phe His Ala Trp Asn 500 505 510 Lys Arg Cys Pro Gly Lys Pro Ile Met Ile Thr Glu Tyr Gly Ala Asp 515 520 525 Thr Val Ala Gly Phe His Asp Ile Asp Pro Val Met Phe Thr Glu Glu 530 535 540 Tyr Gln Val Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Ala Asn His Val Val Phe Asp Glu Phe 545 550 555 560 Glu Asn Phe Val Gly Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Phe Ala Asp Phe Ala Thr 565 570 575 Ser Gln Gly Val Met Arg Val Gln Gly Asn Lys Lys Gly Val Phe Thr 580 585 590 Arg Asp Arg Lys Pro Lys Leu Ala Ala His Val Phe Arg Glu Arg Trp 595 600 605 Thr Asn Ile Pro Asp Phe Gly Tyr Lys Asn 610 615 5 613 PRT Homo sapiens 5 Leu Gly Leu Gln Gly Gly Met Leu Tyr Pro Gln Glu Ser Pro Ser Arg 1 5 10 15 Glu Cys Lys Glu Leu Asp Gly Leu Trp Ser Phe Arg Ala Asp Phe Ser 20 25 30 Asp Asn Arg Arg Arg Gly Phe Glu Glu Gln Trp Tyr Arg Arg Pro Leu 35 40 45 Trp Glu Ser Gly Pro Thr Val Asp Met Pro Val Pro Ser Ser Phe Asn 50 55 60 Asp Ile Ser Gln Asp Trp Arg Leu Arg His Phe Val Gly Trp Val Trp 65 70 75 80 Tyr Glu Arg Glu Val Ile Leu Pro Glu Arg Trp Thr Gln Asp Leu Arg 85 90 95 Thr Arg Val Val Leu Arg Ile Gly Ser Ala His Ser Tyr Ala Ile Val 100 105 110 Trp Val Asn Gly Val Asp Thr Leu Glu His Glu Gly Gly Tyr Leu Pro 115 120 125 Phe Glu Ala Asp Ile Ser Asn Leu Val Gln Val Gly Pro Leu Pro Ser 130 135 140 Arg Leu Arg Ile Thr Ile Ala Ile Asn Asn Thr Leu Thr Pro Thr Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Pro Pro Gly Thr Ile Gln Tyr Leu Thr Asp Thr Ser Lys Tyr Pro 165 170 175 Lys Gly Tyr Phe Val Gln Asn Thr Tyr Phe Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala 180 185 190 Gly Leu Gln Arg Ser Val Leu Leu Tyr Thr Thr Pro Thr Thr Tyr Ile 195 200 205 Asp Asp Ile Thr Val Thr Thr Ser Val Glu Gln Asp Ser Gly Leu Val 210 215 220 Asn Tyr Gln Ile Ser Val Lys Gly Ser Asn Leu Phe Lys Leu Glu Val 225 230 235 240 Arg Leu Leu Asp Ala Glu Asn Lys Val Val Ala Asn Gly Thr Gly Thr 245 250 255 Gln Gly Gln Leu Lys Val Pro Gly Val Ser Leu Trp Trp Pro Tyr Leu 260 265 270 Met His Glu Arg Pro Ala Tyr Leu Tyr Ser Leu Glu Val Gln Leu Thr 275 280 285 Ala Gln Thr Ser Leu Gly Pro Val Ser Asp Phe Tyr Thr Leu Pro Val 290 295 300 Gly Ile Arg Thr Val Ala Val Thr Lys Ser Gln Phe Leu Ile Asn Gly 305 310 315 320 Lys Pro Phe Tyr Phe His Gly Val Asn Lys His Glu Asp Ala Asp Ile 325 330 335 Arg Gly Lys Gly Phe Asp Trp Pro Leu Leu Val Lys Asp Phe Asn Leu 340 345 350 Leu Arg Trp Leu Gly Ala Asn Ala Phe Arg Thr Ser His Tyr Pro Tyr 355 360 365 Ala Glu Glu Val Met Gln Met Cys Asp Arg Tyr Gly Ile Val Val Ile 370 375 380 Asp Glu Cys Pro Gly Val Gly Leu Ala Leu Pro Gln Phe Phe Asn Asn 385 390 395 400 Val Ser Leu His His His Met Gln Val Met Glu Glu Val Val Arg Arg 405 410 415 Asp Lys Asn His Pro Ala Val Val Met Trp Ser Val Ala Asn Glu Pro 420 425 430 Ala Ser His Leu Glu Ser Ala Gly Tyr Tyr Leu Lys Met Val Ile Ala 435 440 445 His Thr Lys Ser Leu Asp Pro Ser Arg Pro Val Thr Phe Val Ser Asn 450 455 460 Ser Asn Tyr Ala Ala Asp Lys Gly Ala Pro Tyr Val Asp Val Ile Cys 465 470 475 480 Leu Asn Ser Tyr Tyr Ser Trp Tyr His Asp Tyr Gly His Leu Glu Leu 485 490 495 Ile Gln Leu Gln Leu Ala Thr Gln Phe Glu Asn Trp Tyr Lys Lys Tyr 500 505 510 Gln Lys Pro Ile Ile Gln Ser Glu Tyr Gly Ala Glu Thr Ile Ala Gly 515 520 525 Phe His Gln Asp Pro Pro Leu Met Phe Thr Glu Glu Tyr Gln Lys Ser 530 535 540 Leu Leu Glu Gln Tyr His Leu Gly Leu Asp Gln Lys Arg Arg Lys Tyr 545 550 555 560 Val Val Gly Glu Leu Ile Trp Asn Phe Ala Asp Phe Met Thr Glu Gln 565 570 575 Ser Pro Thr Arg Val Leu Gly Asn Lys Lys Gly Ile Phe Thr Arg Gln 580 585 590 Arg Gln Pro Lys Ser Ala Ala Phe Leu Leu Arg Glu Arg Tyr Trp Lys 595 600 605 Ile Ala Asn Glu Thr 610 6 603 PRT Escherichia coli 6 Met Leu Arg Pro Val Glu Thr Pro Thr Arg Glu Ile Lys Lys Leu Asp 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Trp Ala Phe Ser Leu Asp Arg Glu Asn Cys Gly Ile Asp Gln 20 25 30 Arg Trp Trp Glu Ser Ala Leu Gln Glu Ser Arg Ala Ile Ala Val Pro 35 40 45 Gly Ser Phe Asn Asp Gln Phe Ala Asp Ala Asp Ile Arg Asn Tyr Ala 50 55 60 Gly Asn Val Trp Tyr Gln Arg Glu Val Phe Ile Pro Lys Gly Trp Ala 65 70 75 80 Gly Gln Arg Ile Val Leu Arg Phe Asp Ala Val Thr His Tyr Gly Lys 85 90 95 Val Trp Val Asn Asn Gln Glu Val Met Glu His Gln Gly Gly Tyr Thr 100 105 110 Pro Phe Glu Ala Asp Val Thr Pro Tyr Val Ile Ala Gly Lys Ser Val 115 120 125 Arg Ile Thr Val Cys Val Asn Asn Glu Leu Asn Trp Gln Thr Ile Pro 130 135 140 Pro Gly Met Val Ile Thr Asp Glu Asn Gly Lys Lys Lys Gln Ser Tyr 145 150 155 160 Phe His Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala Gly Ile His Arg Ser Val Met Leu 165 170 175 Tyr Thr Thr Pro Asn Thr Trp Val Asp Asp Ile Thr Val Val Thr His 180 185 190 Val Ala Gln Asp Cys Asn His Ala Ser Val Asp Trp Gln Val Val Ala 195 200 205 Asn Gly Asp Val Ser Val Glu Leu Arg Asp Ala Asp Gln Gln Val Val 210 215 220 Ala Thr Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Gly Thr Leu Gln Val Val Asn Pro His 225 230 235 240 Leu Trp Gln Pro Gly Glu Gly Tyr Leu Tyr Glu Leu Cys Val Thr Ala 245 250 255 Lys Ser Gln Thr Glu Cys Asp Ile Tyr Pro Leu Arg Val Gly Ile Arg 260 265 270 Ser Val Ala Val Lys Gly Glu Gln Phe Leu Ile Asn His Lys Pro Phe 275 280 285 Tyr Phe Thr Gly Phe Gly Arg His Glu Asp Ala Asp Leu Arg Gly Lys 290 295 300 Gly Phe Asp Asn Val Leu Met Val His Asp His Ala Leu Met Asp Trp 305 310 315 320 Ile Gly Ala Asn Ser Tyr Arg Thr Ser His Tyr Pro Tyr Ala Glu Glu 325 330 335 Met Leu Asp Trp Ala Asp Glu His Gly Ile Val Val Ile Asp Glu Thr 340 345 350 Ala Ala Val Gly Phe Asn Leu Ser Leu Gly Ile Gly Phe Glu Ala Gly 355 360 365 Asn Lys Pro Lys Glu Leu Tyr Ser Glu Glu Ala Val Asn Gly Glu Thr 370 375 380 Gln Gln Ala His Leu Gln Ala Ile Lys Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Asp Lys 385 390 395 400 Asn His Pro Ser Val Val Met Trp Ser Ile Ala Asn Glu Pro Asp Thr 405 410 415 Arg Pro Gln Gly Ala Arg Glu Tyr Phe Ala Pro Leu Ala Glu Ala Thr 420 425 430 Arg Lys Leu Asp Pro Thr Arg Pro Ile Thr Cys Val Asn Val Met Phe 435 440 445 Cys Asp Ala His Thr Asp Thr Ile Ser Asp Leu Phe Asp Val Leu Cys 450 455 460 Leu Asn Arg Tyr Tyr Gly Trp Tyr Val Gln Ser Gly Asp Leu Glu Thr 465 470 475 480 Ala Glu Lys Val Leu Glu Lys Glu Leu Leu Ala Trp Gln Glu Lys Leu 485 490 495 His Gln Pro Ile Ile Ile Thr Glu Tyr Gly Val Asp Thr Leu Ala Gly 500 505 510 Leu His Ser Met Tyr Thr Asp Met Trp Ser Glu Glu Tyr Gln Cys Ala 515 520 525 Trp Leu Asp Met Tyr His Arg Val Phe Asp Arg Val Ser Ala Val Val 530 535 540 Gly Glu Gln Val Trp Asn Phe Ala Asp Phe Ala Thr Ser Gln Gly Ile 545 550 555 560 Leu Arg Val Gly Gly Asn Lys Lys Gly Ile Phe Thr Arg Asp Arg Lys 565 570 575 Pro Lys Ser Ala Ala Phe Leu Leu Gln Lys Arg Trp Thr Gly Met Asn 580 585 590 Phe Gly Glu Lys Pro Gln Gln Gly Gly Lys Gln 595 600 7 1887 DNA Bacillus sp. 7 atacgactca ctagtgggtc gacccatggt agatctgact agtctgtacc cgatcaacac 60 cgagacccgt ggcgtcttcg acctcaatgg cgtctggaac ttcaagctgg actacgggaa 120 aggactggaa gagaagtggt acgaaagcaa gctgaccgac actattagta tggccgtccc 180 aagcagttac aatgacattg gcgtgaccaa ggaaatccgc aaccatatcg gatatgtctg 240 gtacgaacgt gagttcacgg tgccggccta tctgaaggat cagcgtatcg tgctccgctt 300 cggctctgca actcacaaag caattgtcta tgtcaatggt gagctggtcg tggagcacaa 360 gggcggattc ctgccattcg aagcggaaat caacaactcg ctgcgtgatg gcatgaatcg 420 cgtcaccgtc gccgtggaca acatcctcga cgatagcacc ctcccggtgg ggctgtacag 480 cgagcgccac gaagagggcc tcggaaaagt cattcgtaac aagccgaact tcgacttctt 540 caactatgca ggcctgcacc gtccggtgaa aatctacacg accccgttta cgtacgtcga 600 ggacatctcg gttgtgaccg acttcaatgg cccaaccggg actgtgacct atacggtgga 660 ctttcaaggc aaagccgaga ccgtgaaagt gtcggtcgtg gatgaggaag gcaaagtggt 720 cgcaagcacc gagggcctga gcggtaacgt ggagattccg aatgtcatcc tctgggaacc 780 actgaacacg tatctctacc agatcaaagt ggaactggtg aacgacggac tgaccatcga 840 tgtctatgaa gagccgttcg gcgtgcggac cgtggaagtc aacgacggca agttcctcat 900 caacaacaaa ccgttctact tcaagggctt tggcaaacat gaggacactc ctatcaacgg 960 ccgtggcttt aacgaagcga gcaatgtgat ggatttcaat atcctcaaat ggatcggcgc 1020 caacagcttc cggaccgcac actatccgta ctctgaagag ttgatgcgtc ttgcggatcg 1080 cgagggtctg gtcgtgatcg acgagactcc ggcagttggc gtgcacctca acttcatggc 1140 caccacggga ctcggcgaag gcagcgagcg cgtcagtacc tgggagaaga ttcggacgtt 1200 tgagcaccat caagacgttc tccgtgaact ggtgtctcgt gacaagaacc atccaagcgt 1260 cgtgatgtgg agcatcgcca acgaggcggc gactgaggaa gagggcgcgt acgagtactt 1320 caagccgttg gtggagctga ccaaggaact cgacccacag aagcgtccgg tcacgatcgt 1380 gctgtttgtg atggctaccc cggagacgga caaagtcgcc gaactgattg acgtcatcgc 1440 gctcaatcgc tataacggat ggtacttcga tggcggtgat ctcgaagcgg ccaaagtcca 1500 tctccgccag gaatttcacg cgtggaacaa gcgttgccca ggaaagccga tcatgatcac 1560 tgagtacggc gcagacaccg ttgcgggctt tcacgacatt gatccagtga tgttcaccga 1620 ggaatatcaa gtcgagtact accaggcgaa ccacgtcgtg ttcgatgagt ttgagaactt 1680 cgtgggtgag caagcgtgga acttcgcgga cttcgcgacc tctcagggcg tgatgcgcgt 1740 ccaaggaaac aagaagggcg tgttcactcg tgaccgcaag ccgaagctcg ccgcgcacgt 1800 ctttcgcgag cgctggacca acattccaga tttcggctac aagaacgcta gccatcacca 1860 tcaccatcac gtgtgaattg gtgaccg 1887 8 607 PRT Bacillus sp. 8 Met Val Asp Leu Thr Ser Leu Tyr Pro Ile Asn Thr Glu Thr Arg Gly 1 5 10 15 Val Phe Asp Leu Asn Gly Val Trp Asn Phe Lys Leu Asp Tyr Gly Lys 20 25 30 Gly Leu Glu Glu Lys Trp Tyr Glu Ser Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Ile Ser 35 40 45 Met Ala Val Pro Ser Ser Tyr Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Thr Lys Glu Ile 50 55 60 Arg Asn His Ile Gly Tyr Val Trp Tyr Glu Arg Glu Phe Thr Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Ala Tyr Leu Lys Asp Gln Arg Ile Val Leu Arg Phe Gly Ser Ala Thr 85 90 95 His Lys Ala Ile Val Tyr Val Asn Gly Glu Leu Val Val Glu His Lys 100 105 110 Gly Gly Phe Leu Pro Phe Glu Ala Glu Ile Asn Asn Ser Leu Arg Asp 115 120 125 Gly Met Asn Arg Val Thr Val Ala Val Asp Asn Ile Leu Asp Asp Ser 130 135 140 Thr Leu Pro Val Gly Leu Tyr Ser Glu Arg His Glu Glu Gly Leu Gly 145 150 155 160 Lys Val Ile Arg Asn Lys Pro Asn Phe Asp Phe Phe Asn Tyr Ala Gly 165 170 175 Leu His Arg Pro Val Lys Ile Tyr Thr Thr Pro Phe Thr Tyr Val Glu 180 185 190 Asp Ile Ser Val Val Thr Asp Phe Asn Gly Pro Thr Gly Thr Val Thr 195 200 205 Tyr Thr Val Asp Phe Gln Gly Lys Ala Glu Thr Val Lys Val Ser Val 210 215 220 Val Asp Glu Glu Gly Lys Val Val Ala Ser Thr Glu Gly Leu Ser Gly 225 230 235 240 Asn Val Glu Ile Pro Asn Val Ile Leu Trp Glu Pro Leu Asn Thr Tyr 245 250 255 Leu Tyr Gln Ile Lys Val Glu Leu Val Asn Asp Gly Leu Thr Ile Asp 260 265 270 Val Tyr Glu Glu Pro Phe Gly Val Arg Thr Val Glu Val Asn Asp Gly 275 280 285 Lys Phe Leu Ile Asn Asn Lys Pro Phe Tyr Phe Lys Gly Phe Gly Lys 290 295 300 His Glu Asp Thr Pro Ile Asn Gly Arg Gly Phe Asn Glu Ala Ser Asn 305 310 315 320 Val Met Asp Phe Asn Ile Leu Lys Trp Ile Gly Ala Asn Ser Phe Arg 325 330 335 Thr Ala His Tyr Pro Tyr Ser Glu Glu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Asp Arg 340 345 350 Glu Gly Leu Val Val Ile Asp Glu Thr Pro Ala Val Gly Val His Leu 355 360 365 Asn Phe Met Ala Thr Thr Gly Leu Gly Glu Gly Ser Glu Arg Val Ser 370 375 380 Thr Trp Glu Lys Ile Arg Thr Phe Glu His His Gln Asp Val Leu Arg 385 390 395 400 Glu Leu Val Ser Arg Asp Lys Asn His Pro Ser Val Val Met Trp Ser 405 410 415 Ile Ala Asn Glu Ala Ala Thr Glu Glu Glu Gly Ala Tyr Glu Tyr Phe 420 425 430 Lys Pro Leu Val Glu Leu Thr Lys Glu Leu Asp Pro Gln Lys Arg Pro 435 440 445 Val Thr Ile Val Leu Phe Val Met Ala Thr Pro Glu Thr Asp Lys Val 450 455 460 Ala Glu Leu Ile Asp Val Ile Ala Leu Asn Arg Tyr Asn Gly Trp Tyr 465 470 475 480 Phe Asp Gly Gly Asp Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Val His Leu Arg Gln Glu 485 490 495 Phe His Ala Trp Asn Lys Arg Cys Pro Gly Lys Pro Ile Met Ile Thr 500 505 510 Glu Tyr Gly Ala Asp Thr Val Ala Gly Phe His Asp Ile Asp Pro Val 515 520 525 Met Phe Thr Glu Glu Tyr Gln Val Glu Tyr Tyr Gln Ala Asn His Val 530 535 540 Val Phe Asp Glu Phe Glu Asn Phe Val Gly Glu Gln Ala Trp Asn Phe 545 550 555 560 Ala Asp Phe Ala Thr Ser Gln Gly Val Met Arg Val Gln Gly Asn Lys 565 570 575 Lys Gly Val Phe Thr Arg Asp Arg Lys Pro Lys Leu Ala Ala His Val 580 585 590 Phe Arg Glu Arg Trp Thr Asn Ile Pro Asp Phe Gly Tyr Lys Asn 595 600 605 9 1887 DNA Bacillus sp. 9 tatgctgagt gatcacccag ctgggtacca tctagactga tcagacatgg gctagttgtg 60 gctctgggca ccgcagaagc tggagttacc gcagaccttg aagttcgacc tgatgccctt 120 tcctgacctt ctcttcacca tgctttcgtt cgactggctg tgataatcat accggcaggg 180 ttcgtcaatg ttactgtaac cgcactggtt cctttaggcg ttggtatagc ctatacagac 240 catgcttgca ctcaagtgcc acggccggat agacttccta gtcgcatagc acgaggcgaa 300 gccgagacgt tgagtgtttc gttaacagat acagttacca ctcgaccagc acctcgtgtt 360 cccgcctaag gacggtaagc ttcgccttta gttgttgagc gacgcactac cgtacttagc 420 gcagtggcag cggcacctgt tgtaggagct gctatcgtgg gagggccacc ccgacatgtc 480 gctcgcggtg cttctcccgg agccttttca gtaagcattg ttcggcttga agctgaagaa 540 gttgatacgt ccggacgtgg caggccactt ttagatgtgc tggggcaaat gcatgcagct 600 cctgtagagc caacactggc tgaagttacc gggttggccc tgacactgga tatgccacct 660 gaaagttccg tttcggctct ggcactttca cagccagcac ctactccttc cgtttcacca 720 gcgttcgtgg ctcccggact cgccattgca cctctaaggc ttacagtagg agacccttgg 780 tgacttgtgc atagagatgg tctagtttca ccttgaccac ttgctgcctg actggtagct 840 acagatactt ctcggcaagc cgcacgcctg gcaccttcag ttgctgccgt tcaaggagta 900 gttgttgttt ggcaagatga agttcccgaa accgtttgta ctcctgtgag gatagttgcc 960 ggcaccgaaa ttgcttcgct cgttacacta cctaaagtta taggagttta cctagccgcg 1020 gttgtcgaag gcctggcgtg tgataggcat gagacttctc aactacgcag aacgcctagc 1080 gctcccagac cagcactagc tgctctgagg ccgtcaaccg cacgtggagt tgaagtaccg 1140 gtggtgccct gagccgcttc cgtcgctcgc gcagtcatgg accctcttct aagcctgcaa 1200 actcgtggta gttctgcaag aggcacttga ccacagagca ctgttcttgg taggttcgca 1260 gcactacacc tcgtagcggt tgctccgccg ctgactcctt ctcccgcgca tgctcatgaa 1320 gttcggcaac cacctcgact ggttccttga gctgggtgtc ttcgcaggcc agtgctagca 1380 cgacaaacac taccgatggg gcctctgcct gtttcagcgg cttgactaac tgcagtagcg 1440 cgagttagcg atattgccta ccatgaagct accgccacta gagcttcgcc ggtttcaggt 1500 agaggcggtc cttaaagtgc gcaccttgtt cgcaacgggt cctttcggct agtactagtg 1560 actcatgccg cgtctgtggc aacgcccgaa agtgctgtaa ctaggtcact acaagtggct 1620 ccttatagtt cagctcatga tggtccgctt ggtgcagcac aagctactca aactcttgaa 1680 gcacccactc gttcgcacct tgaagcgcct gaagcgctgg agagtcccgc actacgcgca 1740 ggttcctttg ttcttcccgc acaagtgagc actggcgttc ggcttcgagc ggcgcgtgca 1800 gaaagcgctc gcgacctggt tgtaaggtct aaagccgatg ttcttgcgat cggtagtggt 1860 agtggtagtg cacacttaac cactggc 1887 10 16 PRT Bacillus sp. 10 Met Leu Ile Ile Thr Cys Asn His Leu His Leu Lys Arg Ser Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 11 4 PRT Unknown Description of Unknown Organism Sequence that directs proteins to cytoplasm that may be added to the reference GUS 11 Lys Asp Glu Leu 1 12 26 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of synthesis to facilitate construction and cloning 12 gtcgacccat ggtagatctg actagt 26 13 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of Synthesis to facilitate construction and cloning 13 gtcgacagga gtgctatc 18 14 17 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of Synthesis to facilitate construction and cloning 14 gtcgacagga gtgctac 17 15 27 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of Synthesis to facilitate construction and cloning 15 gtcgacagga gtgctaccat ggtagat 27 16 46 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of Synthesis to facilitate protein purification 16 gctagccatc accatcacca tcacgtgtga attggtgacc gggccc 46 17 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Product of Synthesis to facilitate protein purification 17 Ser Ser His His His His His His Val 1 5 18 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to overlap and create fragments of an engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 18 tcgacccatg gtagatctga ctagtctgta cccgatcaac accgagaccc gtggcgtctt 60 cgacctcaat ggcgtctgga 80 19 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 19 ggatttcctt ggtcacgcca atgtcattgt aactgcttgg gacggccata ctaatagtgt 60 cggtcagctt gctttcgtac 80 20 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 20 ccaagcagtt acaatgacat tggcgtgacc aaggaaatcc gcaaccatat cggatatgtc 60 tggtacgaac gtgagttcac 80 21 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 21 gcggagcacg atacgctgat ccttcagata ggccggcacc gtgaactcac gttcgtacca 60 gacatatccg atatggttgc 80 22 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 22 ggtgccggcc tatctgaagg atcagcgtat cgtgctccgc ttcggctctg caactcacaa 60 agcaattgtc tatgtcaatg 80 23 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 23 aatggcagga atccgccctt gtgctccacg accagctcac cattgacata gacaattgct 60 ttgtgagttg cagagccgaa 80 24 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 24 gtgagctggt cgtggagcac aagggcggat tcctgccatt cgaagcggaa atcaacaact 60 cgctgcgtga tggcatgaat 80 25 100 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 25 gtacagcccc accggtaggg tgctatcgtc gaggatgttg tccacggcga cggtgacgcg 60 attcatgcca tcacgcagcg agttgttgat ttccgcttcg 100 26 56 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 26 cgcgtcaccg tcgccgtgga caacatcctc gacgatagca ccctaccggt ggggct 56 27 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 27 cacttctctt ccagtccttt cccgtagtcc agcttgaagt tccagacgcc attgaggtcg 60 aagacgccac gggtctcggt 80 28 35 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 28 ttgatcgggt acagactagt cagatctacc atggg 35 29 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 29 acttcaagct ggactacggg aaaggactgg aagagaagtg gtacgaaagc aagctgaccg 60 acactattag tatggccgtc 80 30 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 30 gtacagcgag cgccacgaag agggcctcgg aaaagtcatt cgtaacaagc cgaacttcga 60 cttcttcaac tatgcaggcc 80 31 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 31 ctttgccttg aaagtccacc gtataggtca cagtcccggt tgggccattg aagtcggtca 60 caaccgagat gtcctcgacg 80 32 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 32 accgggactg tgacctatac ggtggacttt caaggcaaag ccgagaccgt gaaagtgtcg 60 gtcgtggatg aggaaggcaa 80 33 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 33 ctccacgtta ccgctcaggc cctcggtgct tgcgaccact ttgccttcct catccacgac 60 cgacactttc acggtctcgg 80 34 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 34 agtggtcgca agcaccgagg gcctgagcgg taacgtggag attccgaatg tcatcctctg 60 ggaaccactg aacacgtatc 80 35 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 35 gtcagtccgt cgttcaccag ttccactttg atctggtaga gatacgtgtt cagtggttcc 60 cagaggatga cattcggaat 80 36 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 36 tctaccagat caaagtggaa ctggtgaacg acggactgac catcgatgtc tatgaagagc 60 cgttcggcgt gcggaccgtg 80 37 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 37 acggtttgtt gttgatgagg aacttgccgt cgttgacttc cacggtccgc acgccgaacg 60 gctcttcata gacatcgatg 80 38 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 38 gaagtcaacg acggcaagtt cctcatcaac aacaaaccgt tctacttcaa gggctttggc 60 aaacatgagg acactcctat 80 39 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 39 tacgtaaacg gggtcgtgta gattttcacc ggacggtgca ggcctgcata gttgaagaag 60 tcgaagttcg gcttgttacg 80 40 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 40 atccatcaca ttgctcgctt cgttaaagcc acggccgttg ataggagtgt cctcatgttt 60 gccaaagccc ttgaagtaga 80 41 75 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 41 caacggccgt ggctttaacg aagcgagcaa tgtgatggat ttcaatatcc tcaaatggat 60 cggcgccaac agctt 75 42 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 42 aatgactttt ccgaggccct cttcgtggcg ctcgct 36 43 39 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 43 ccggaagctg ttggcgccga tccatttgag gatattgaa 39 44 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 44 tgcaccgtcc ggtgaaaatc tacacgaccc cgtttacgta cgtcgaggac atctcggttg 60 tgaccgactt caatggccca 80 45 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 45 ccggaccgca cactatccgt actctgaaga gttgatgcgt cttgcggatc gcgagggtct 60 ggtcgtgatc gacgagactc 80 46 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 46 gttcacggag aacgtcttga tggtgctcaa acgtccgaat cttctcccag gtactgacgc 60 gctcgctgcc ttcgccgagt 80 47 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 47 attcggacgt ttgagcacca tcaagacgtt ctccgtgaac tggtgtctcg tgacaagaac 60 catccaagcg tcgtgatgtg 80 48 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 48 cgcgccctct tcctcagtcg ccgcctcgtt ggcgatgctc cacatcacga cgcttggatg 60 gttcttgtca cgagacacca 80 49 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 49 gagcatcgcc aacgaggcgg cgactgagga agagggcgcg tacgagtact tcaagccgtt 60 ggtggagctg accaaggaac 80 50 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 50 acaaacagca cgatcgtgac cggacgcttc tgtgggtcga gttccttggt cagctccacc 60 aacggcttga agtactcgta 80 51 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 51 tcgacccaca gaagcgtccg gtcacgatcg tgctgtttgt gatggctacc ccggagacgg 60 acaaagtcgc cgaactgatt 80 52 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 52 cgaagtacca tccgttatag cgattgagcg cgatgacgtc aatcagttcg gcgactttgt 60 ccgtctccgg ggtagccatc 80 53 89 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 53 gacgtcatcg cgctcaatcg ctataacgga tggtacttcg atggcggtga tctcgaagcg 60 gccaaagtcc atctccgcca ggaatttca 89 54 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 54 cccgtggtgg ccatgaagtt gaggtgcacg ccaactgccg gagtctcgtc gatcacgacc 60 agaccctcgc gatccgcaag 80 55 53 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 55 cgcgtgaaat tcctggcgga gatggacttt ggccgcttcg agatcaccgc cat 53 56 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 56 acgcatcaac tcttcagagt acggatagtg tgcggt 36 57 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 57 cggcagttgg cgtgcacctc aacttcatgg ccaccacggg actcggcgaa ggcagcgagc 60 gcgtcagtac ctgggagaag 80 58 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 58 cgcgtggaac aagcgttgcc caggaaagcc gatcatgatc actgagtacg gcgcagacac 60 cgttgcgggc tttcacgaca 80 59 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 59 tcgcgaagtc cgcgaagttc cacgcttgct cacccacgaa gttctcaaac tcatcgaaca 60 cgacgtggtt cgcctggtag 80 60 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 60 ttcgtgggtg agcaagcgtg gaacttcgcg gacttcgcga cctctcaggg cgtgatgcgc 60 gtccaaggaa acaagaaggg 80 61 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 61 gtgcgcggcg agcttcggct tgcggtcacg agtgaacacg cccttcttgt ttccttggac 60 gcgcatcacg ccctgagagg 80 62 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 62 cgtgttcact cgtgaccgca agccgaagct cgccgcgcac gtctttcgcg agcgctggac 60 caacattcca gatttcggct 80 63 89 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 63 cggtcaccaa ttcacacgtg atggtgatgg tgatggctag cgttcttgta gccgaaatct 60 ggaatgttgg tccagcgctc gcgaaagac 89 64 53 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 64 acaagaacgc tagccatcac catcaccatc acgtgtgaat tggtgaccgg gcc 53 65 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 65 tactcgactt gatattcctc ggtgaacatc actggatcaa tgtcgtgaaa gcccgcaacg 60 gtgtctgcgc cgtactcagt 80 66 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 66 gatcatgatc ggctttcctg ggcaacgctt gttcca 36 67 80 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Oligonucleotide. Product of Synthesis to Overlap and create fragments of engineered secretable microbial GUS (Figure 13) 67 ttgatccagt gatgttcacc gaggaatatc aagtcgagta ctaccaggcg aaccacgtcg 60 tgttcgatga gtttgagaac 80 68 60 DNA Unknown Description of Unknown Organism Invertase Signal Sequence used in yeast vector 68 atgcttttgc aagccttcct tttccttttg gctggttttg cagccaaaat atctgcaatg 60 69 258 DNA Unknown Description of Unknown Organism Mat alpha signal sequence used in yeast vector 69 atgagatttc cttcaatttt tactgcagtt ttattcgcag catcctccgc attagctgct 60 ccagtcaaca ctacaacaga agatgaaacg gcacaaattc cggctgaagc tgtcatcggt 120 tacttagatt tagaagggga tttcgatgtt gctgttttgc cattttccaa cagcacaaat 180 aacgggttat tgtttataaa tactactatt gccagcattg ctgctaaaga agaaggggta 240 tctttggata aaagagag 258 70 88 DNA Unknown Description of Unknown Organism Extension signal sequence used in plant vector 70 catgggaaaa atggcttctc tatttgccac atttttagtg gttttagtgt cacttagctt 60 agcttctgaa agctcagcaa attatcaa 88 71 82 DNA Unknown Description of Unknown Organism GRP signal sequence used in plant vector 71 catggctact actaagcatt tggctcttgc catccttgtc ctccttagca ttggtatgac 60 caccagtgca agaaccctcc ta 82 

We claim:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase.
 2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the microbe is Bacillus.
 3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 or hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of the sequence comprising nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1, and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase.
 4. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3, or a variant thereof, and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase.
 5. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 4, further comprising a second nucleic acid molecule that encodes the amino acid sequence of FIG. 4A, or a variant thereof, wherein the second nucleic acid molecule is fused to the 5′ end of the molecule of claim
 4. 6. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a low-cysteine variant of E. coli β-glucuronidase.
 7. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 6, wherein at least one of the cysteine residues at 28, 133, 197, 253, and 262 are changed.
 8. An isolated secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase.
 9. The β-glucuronidase of claim 8, wherein the microbe is Bacillus.
 10. The β-glucuronidase of claim 8, wherein the β-glucuronidase comprises a low-cysteine variant of E. coli β-glucuronidase.
 11. The β-glucuronidase of claim 10, wherein the β-glucuronidase has at least one alteration of the cysteine residue at 28, 133, 197, 253, and
 262. 12. The β-glucuronidase of claim 9, wherein the β-glucuronidase is encoded by a nucleic acid molecule comprising nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 or by a nucleic acid molecule that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase.
 13. The β-glucuronidase of claim 9, comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3, or a variant thereof, and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase.
 14. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a membrane-bound form of microbial β-glucuronidase.
 15. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 14, wherein the sequence encoding β-glucuronidase is fused to a sequence encoding a membrane-spanning peptide.
 16. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a cytoplasmic form of microbial β-glucuronidase.
 17. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 16, wherein the sequence encoding β-glucuronidase is fused to a sequence encoding a cytoplasm-directing peptide.
 18. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein the cytoplasm-directing peptide is Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu.
 19. A vector, comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a microbial β-glucuronidase, wherein the β-glucuronidase sequence is in operative linkage with a promoter element.
 20. The vector of claim 19, wherein the promoter element is a promoter selected from the group consisting of a developmental type-specific promoter, a tissue type-specific promoter, a cell type-specific promoter and an inducible promoter.
 21. The vector of claim 20, wherein the promoter element is selected from a group consisting of a promoter functional in a plant cell, a promoter functional in a bacterium, a promoter functional in an animal cell and a promoter functional in a fungal cell.
 22. The vector of claim 19, wherein the vector is functional in a bacterium.
 23. The vector of claim 19, wherein the vector is a binary Agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid vector.
 24. The vector of claim 19, further comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a product of a gene of interest or portion thereof.
 25. The vector of claim 24, wherein the product is a protein.
 26. A host cell containing the vector according to claim
 19. 27. The host cell of claim 26, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell, an animal cell and a bacterial cell.
 28. A method of producing a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase, comprising: (a) introducing a vector encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase in operative linkage with a promoter; and (b) growing the host cell under conditions wherein the microbial β-glucuronidase is expressed.
 29. The method according to claim 28, further comprising isolating the β-glucuronidase from cell supernatant or periplasm.
 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the host cell is a bacterial cell.
 31. A method of introducing a controller element into a host cell, comprising introducing into the host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase and a nucleic acid sequence of the controller element, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the β-glucuronidase (a) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3 or (b) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1, and which encodes a functional beta-glucuronidase, and wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding β-glucuronidase is in operative linkage with the controller element.
 32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell and a bacterial cell.
 33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the vector construct is a binary Agrobacterium vector.
 34. The method according to claim 31, wherein the controller element is selected from the group consisting of a promoter, an enhancer, an operator, a ribosome binding site, a signal peptide sequence, a chloroplast targeting sequence, a mitochondrial localization sequence, a nucleus targeting sequence and an intron.
 35. The method according to claim 34, wherein the controller element is functional in a plant cell.
 36. The method according to claim 34, wherein the controller element is a promoter selected from the group consisting of a developmental type-specific promoter, a tissue type-specific promoter, a cell type-specific promoter and an inducible promoter.
 37. A method of monitoring expression of a gene of interest or a portion thereof in a host cell, comprising: (a) introducing into the host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase and nucleic acid sequence encoding a product of the gene of interest or a portion thereof; wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the microbial β-glucuronidase (a) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3 or (b) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase, and (b) detecting the presence of secreted microbial β-glucuronidase, thereby monitoring expression of the gene of interest.
 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell and a bacterial cell.
 39. The method according to claim 37, wherein the product is a protein.
 40. The method according to claim 37, wherein the vector construct further comprises a promoter.
 41. The method according to claim 37, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the product and the nucleic acid sequence encoding β-glucuronidase are in operative linkage with the same promoter.
 42. A method of monitoring activity of a controller element in a host cell, comprising: (a) introducing into the host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase and a nucleic acid sequence of the controller element; wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the β-glucuronidase (a) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3 or (b) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase, and wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding β-glucuronidase is in operative linkage with the controller element; and (b) detecting the presence of secreted β-glucuronidase, thereby monitoring activity of the controller element.
 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell and a bacterial cell.
 44. The method according to claim 42, wherein the vector construct is a binary Agrobacterium vector.
 45. The method according to claim 42, wherein the controller element is selected from the group consisting of a promoter, an enhancer, an operator, a ribosome binding site, a signal peptide sequence, a chloroplast targeting sequence, a mitochondrial localization sequence, a nucleus targeting sequence and an intron.
 46. The method according to claim 42, wherein the controller element is a promoter functional in a plant cell.
 47. A method for transforming a host cell with a gene of interest or portion thereof, comprising: (a) introducing into the host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase and nucleic acid sequence encoding a product of the gene of interest or a portion thereof, such that the vector construct integrates into the genome of the host cell; wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding β-glucuronidase (i) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3 or (ii) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase; and (b) detecting the presence of secreted β-glucuronidase, thereby establishing that the host cell is transformed.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell and a bacterial cell.
 49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the vector construct is a binary Agrobacterium vector.
 50. The method according to claim 47, wherein the product is a protein.
 51. The method according to claim 47, wherein the vector construct further comprises a promoter.
 52. The method according to claim 47, wherein the gene of interest and β-glucuronidase are under control of the same promoter.
 53. A method of positive selection for a transformed cell, comprising: (a) introducing into a host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising nucleic acid sequence encoding a microbial β-glucuronidase; wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding β-glucuronidase (a) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of FIG. 3 or (b) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 of FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional β-glucuronidase; and (b) exposing the host cell to the sample comprising a glucuronide, wherein the glucuronide is cleaved by the β-glucuronidase, such that the compound is released, wherein the compound is required for cell growth.
 54. The method of claim 53, further comprising introducing into the host cell a vector construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a microbial glucuronide permease.
 55. The method according to claim 53, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an animal cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell and a bacterial cell.
 56. A method of producing a transgenic plant that expresses a secreted form of microbial β-glucuronidase, comprising: (a) introducing a vector according to claim 19 into an embryogenic plant cell; and (b) producing a plant from the embryogenic plant cell, wherein the plant expresses the β-glucuronidase.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the step of introducing is by Agrobacterium co-cultivation or bombardment.
 58. A transgenic plant cell comprising the vector according to claim
 19. 59. A transgenic plant comprising the plant cell of claim
 58. 60. A transgenic insect cell comprising the vector according to claim
 19. 61. A transgenic insect comprising the insect cell of claim
 60. 62. A method for identifying an organism that secretes β-glucuronidase, comprising: (a) culturing the organism or cells from the organism in a medium containing a substrate for β-glucuronidase, wherein the cleaved substrate is detectable; and (b) detecting the cleaved substrate in the medium;  therefrom identifying an organism that secretes β-glucuronidase.
 63. The method of claim 62, wherein the organism is a bacterium isolated from soil, skin, or fecal matter.
 64. The method of claim 62, wherein the organism is Bacillus.
 65. A method for releasing a compound from a glucuronide in a sample, comprising exposing the sample to a microbial β-glucuronidase, wherein the glucuronide is cleaved by the β-glucuronidase, therefrom releasing the compound, provided that the microbial β-glucuronidase is not wild-type E. coli β-glucuronidase.
 66. The method of claim 65, further comprising detecting the compound.
 67. The method of claim 65, wherein the β-glucuronidase comprises the amino acid sequence presented in FIG.
 3. 68. The method of claim 65, wherein the sample is a biological fluid selected from the group consisting of blood, saliva, urine, apocrine secretion, synovial fluid and amniotic fluid.
 69. The method of claim 65, wherein the compound is a toxin, a hormone, or a drug.
 70. A method of releasing a compound from a glucuronide exposed to a host cell, comprising: (a) introducing into the host cell a vector construct, the vector construct comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a microbial β-glucuronidase; and (b) exposing the host cell to the glucuronide, wherein the glucuronide is cleaved by the beta-glucuronidase, such that the compound is released.
 71. The method of claim 70, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encoding beta-glucuronidase (a) encodes a protein comprising the amino acid sequence as depicted in FIG. 3 or (b) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of nucleotides 1662-3467 as depicted in FIG. 1 and which encodes a functional beta-glucuronidase.
 72. The method of claim 70, further comprising introducing into the host cell a vector construct comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a glucuronide permease.
 73. The method according to claim 70, wherein the compound is an auxin.
 74. The method according to claim 73, wherein the auxin is indole-3-ethanol.
 75. The method according to claim 70, wherein the compound is a hormone or a toxin.
 76. The method according to claim 70, wherein the compound is required for cell growth.
 77. The method according to claim 70, wherein the host cell is a plant cell, an animal cell, a fungal cell, or a bacterial cell.
 78. The method according to claim 70, wherein the compound is a herbicide.
 79. A method of detecting binding between two or more molecules, comprising: (a) contacting the two or more molecules in a reaction mixture for a time sufficient to allow binding, wherein one of the molecules is conjugated to a hapten; (b) contacting the bound molecules from step (a) with a microbial β-glucuronidase, wherein the β-glucuronidase binds to the hapten; and (c) detecting the β-glucuronidase.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the β-glucuronidase is fused to a protein that binds the hapten.
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the protein is streptavidin and the hapten is biotin.
 82. A method of detecting binding between two or more molecules, comprising: (b) contacting the two or more molecules in a reaction mixture for a time sufficient to allow binding, wherein one of the molecules is conjugated to microbial β-glucuronidase; (c) detecting the microbial β-glucuronidase;  therefrom detecting binding between the two molecules.
 83. A kit, comprising a microbial β-glucuronidase, provided that the microbial β-glucuronidase is not E. coli glucuronidase. 